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A kitten rescue in Ontario needed a powerful clean air solution fast – and found it. Learn more about the essential role of clean air in shelters.

","content","Nestled in a small town near Cornwall, Canada, Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue serves as a lifeline for abandoned and vulnerable kittens (1). For nearly eight years, rescue founder Mellissa has worked tirelessly to save and nurture the most fragile feline lives in the region. Yet despite Mellissa’s dedication to maintaining a clean environment for those in her care, animal rescues must always contend with a formidable health challenge. Poor air quality impacts both kittens and the humans who care for them. Thanks to advanced air purification technology, the rescue now breathes easier—literally and figuratively. Mission built on compassion Mellissa’s journey to creating Tiny but Mighty began with heartbreak. As a volunteer at her local animal shelter, she learned of the euthanasia of kittens deemed too young to care for. Unwilling to accept this outcome, she founded her own kitten-focused rescue in 2017. “I had so many dreams about saving these kittens. Something told me to just do it myself—start my own rescue.” “I had so many dreams about saving these kittens. They wouldn’t let up,” Mellissa shared. “Something told me to just do it myself—start my own rescue.” Mellissa provides a safe space for kittens to grow and thrive until they find their carefully screened forever homes. Today, the rescue operates solely on donations and community support. “It’s such an incredible community. People do come through to support what I’m doing, so it’s incredible.” But running a rescue isn’t without its challenges, and one significant one she uncovered was air quality. Nova the kitten enjoying toys at the Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue. Good air quality: Essential in animal rescues Caring for kittens in any enclosed environment presents unique challenges. Despite her meticulous cleaning habits, Mellissa found air quality to be a problem. “The dust is crazy. The kittens will go in their litter box and sneeze.” There would still be dust, odors, and allergens in the space “even though I use 99% dust-free litter.” Mellissa explained. “It’s great compared to some I’ve tried, but the dust is crazy. The kittens will go in their litter box and make little sneezes.” This poor air quality not only affected visitors but also had potential health implications for the kittens and Mellissa herself. Dust mites, microscopic creatures that feed on animal’s dead skin, can cause year-round allergic reactions in both cats and humans, including sneezing, runny and itchy noses, watery eyes, and even rashes. Components of pet dander can also act as an allergen, triggering similar reactions. Determined to find a solution to her dust problem, she began her search for an air purifier that could meet the rescue’s unique needs. Life changing air cleaning solution Determined to tackle the persistent dust and allergens, Mellissa sought an air purifier that could truly meet the unique demands of her rescue. After years of frustration with a previous model, she knew she needed a solution that could handle constant activity, fine dust particles, and odors effectively. Mellissa recalled, “The dust was still spreading throughout the house, and I thought, ‘this is just not enough.’” That’s when Mellissa’s father suggested looking into IQAir’s HealthPro Plus XE. Intrigued by its reputation for advanced filtration capabilities, Mellissa decided to give it a try—and the results were immediate and noticeable. The HealthPro Plus XE is equipped with HyperHEPA filtration, capable of capturing particles as small as 0.003 microns—100 times smaller than most air purifiers can filter. This efficiency, proven to remove particles far smaller than bacteria or viruses, combined with gas-phase filtration to eliminate odors, made it an ideal solution for the rescue’s air quality challenges. “The kittens aren’t sneezing anymore. The air purifier has had a huge impact,” Mellissa shared. The HealthPro Plus XE at work next to Leia the cat. Not only did she see a dramatic improvement in the air quality for the kittens, but visitors also noticed the difference. The previously lingering food and litter odors were gone. “I definitely don’t smell that anymore,” Mellissa said. “I’m really impressed.” “The kittens aren’t sneezing anymore. The air purifier has had a huge impact.” When it comes to daily use, Mellissa has found a setup that works perfectly for the rescue’s needs. During cleaning, she runs the fan at its highest setting, ensuring dust and particles are quickly filtered out. For everyday operation, she adjusts the fan to levels 2 or 3, which run quietly enough not to disturb the kittens at night. Looking ahead For Mellissa, clean air ensures a brighter future for Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue. She intends to continue providing even more kittens with a safe haven before transitioning to loving homes. The cleaner air and lack of odor in the rescue has already improved adoption visits, a critical step in finding forever homes for the kittens. Mellissa emphasizes her desire to address the root cause of ownerless kittens—unspayed and neutered animals in the population. She hopes to get the word out to more pet owners about the crucial role of spaying and neutering their animals. As she warns, “the cat overpopulation is so crazy here. Spay and neuter your cats, spay and neuter your dogs to help lower those populations.” Conclusion Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue’s story underscores the profound difference clean air technology can make in transforming lives—both human and animal. For Mellissa, investing in air purification wasn’t just about solving a nuisance; it was about creating a healthier, more inviting space where kittens could thrive and visitors could feel comfortable. By addressing the often-overlooked issue of air quality, she has set a powerful example for other rescues, shelters, and even individual pet owners facing similar challenges.","contentHtml","

Nestled in a small town near Cornwall, Canada, Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue serves as a lifeline for abandoned and vulnerable kittens (1). For nearly eight years, rescue founder Mellissa has worked tirelessly to save and nurture the most fragile feline lives in the region.

Yet despite Mellissa’s dedication to maintaining a clean environment for those in her care, animal rescues must always contend with a formidable health challenge. Poor air quality impacts both kittens and the humans who care for them.

Thanks to advanced air purification technology, the rescue now breathes easier—literally and figuratively.

Mission built on compassion

Mellissa’s journey to creating Tiny but Mighty began with heartbreak. As a volunteer at her local animal shelter, she learned of the euthanasia of kittens deemed too young to care for. Unwilling to accept this outcome, she founded her own kitten-focused rescue in 2017.

“I had so many dreams about saving these kittens. Something told me to just do it myself—start my own rescue.”

“I had so many dreams about saving these kittens. They wouldn’t let up,” Mellissa shared. “Something told me to just do it myself—start my own rescue.”

Mellissa provides a safe space for kittens to grow and thrive until they find their carefully screened forever homes. Today, the rescue operates solely on donations and community support. “It’s such an incredible community. People do come through to support what I’m doing, so it’s incredible.”

But running a rescue isn’t without its challenges, and one significant one she uncovered was air quality.

Nova the kitten enjoying toys at the Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue.

Good air quality: Essential in animal rescues

Caring for kittens in any enclosed environment presents unique challenges. Despite her meticulous cleaning habits, Mellissa found air quality to be a problem.

“The dust is crazy. The kittens will go in their litter box and sneeze.”

There would still be dust, odors, and allergens in the space “even though I use 99% dust-free litter.” Mellissa explained. “It’s great compared to some I’ve tried, but the dust is crazy. The kittens will go in their litter box and make little sneezes.”

This poor air quality not only affected visitors but also had potential health implications for the kittens and Mellissa herself. Dust mites, microscopic creatures that feed on animal’s dead skin, can cause year-round allergic reactions in both cats and humans, including sneezing, runny and itchy noses, watery eyes, and even rashes.

Components of pet dander can also act as an allergen, triggering similar reactions.

Determined to find a solution to her dust problem, she began her search for an air purifier that could meet the rescue’s unique needs.

Life changing air cleaning solution

Determined to tackle the persistent dust and allergens, Mellissa sought an air purifier that could truly meet the unique demands of her rescue. After years of frustration with a previous model, she knew she needed a solution that could handle constant activity, fine dust particles, and odors effectively.

Mellissa recalled, “The dust was still spreading throughout the house, and I thought, ‘this is just not enough.’”

That’s when Mellissa’s father suggested looking into IQAir’s HealthPro Plus XE. Intrigued by its reputation for advanced filtration capabilities, Mellissa decided to give it a try—and the results were immediate and noticeable.

The HealthPro Plus XE is equipped with HyperHEPA filtration, capable of capturing particles as small as 0.003 microns—100 times smaller than most air purifiers can filter. This efficiency, proven to remove particles far smaller than bacteria or viruses, combined with gas-phase filtration to eliminate odors, made it an ideal solution for the rescue’s air quality challenges.

“The kittens aren’t sneezing anymore. The air purifier has had a huge impact,” Mellissa shared.

$\"\"$

The HealthPro Plus XE at work next to Leia the cat.

Not only did she see a dramatic improvement in the air quality for the kittens, but visitors also noticed the difference. The previously lingering food and litter odors were gone. “I definitely don’t smell that anymore,” Mellissa said. “I’m really impressed.”

“The kittens aren’t sneezing anymore. The air purifier has had a huge impact.”

When it comes to daily use, Mellissa has found a setup that works perfectly for the rescue’s needs. During cleaning, she runs the fan at its highest setting, ensuring dust and particles are quickly filtered out. For everyday operation, she adjusts the fan to levels 2 or 3, which run quietly enough not to disturb the kittens at night.

Looking ahead

For Mellissa, clean air ensures a brighter future for Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue. She intends to continue providing even more kittens with a safe haven before transitioning to loving homes.

The cleaner air and lack of odor in the rescue has already improved adoption visits, a critical step in finding forever homes for the kittens.

Mellissa emphasizes her desire to address the root cause of ownerless kittens—unspayed and neutered animals in the population. She hopes to get the word out to more pet owners about the crucial role of spaying and neutering their animals. As she warns, “the cat overpopulation is so crazy here. Spay and neuter your cats, spay and neuter your dogs to help lower those populations.”

Conclusion

Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue’s story underscores the profound difference clean air technology can make in transforming lives—both human and animal.

For Mellissa, investing in air purification wasn’t just about solving a nuisance; it was about creating a healthier, more inviting space where kittens could thrive and visitors could feel comfortable. By addressing the often-overlooked issue of air quality, she has set a powerful example for other rescues, shelters, and even individual pet owners facing similar challenges.

","handle","cleaner-air-healthier-kittens-iqair-supports-tiny-but-mighty-rescue","id","gid://shopify/Article/634971062350","onlineStoreUrl","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/cleaner-air-healthier-kittens-iqair-supports-tiny-but-mighty-rescue","trackingParameters","publishedAt","2025-01-27T13:00:00Z","tags",[88,89],"title","Cleaner air, healthier kittens: Tiny but Mighty Kitten Rescue","image",{"_66":79,"_80":81,"_82":83,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269919354958","altText","Cat resting next to air purifier.","url","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/KittenRescue_Desk_b3d57834-7858-4bac-b89f-c734afea302e.jpg?v=1755513318","width",2880,"height",1500,"Pets","Success Stories","news","name","IQAir Staff Writers",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn about Permian Health's innovative approach to improving air quality in Gambia, using cutting-edge technology to reveal invisible pollutants and safeguard public health.","

Learn about Permian Health's innovative approach to improving air quality in Gambia, using cutting-edge technology to reveal invisible pollutants and safeguard public health.

","In the slender West African nation of Gambia, Dr. Sunkaru Touray of Permian Health Lung Institute is leading an unprecedented initiative to illuminate the invisible dangers of air pollution through the strategic deployment of low-cost air quality monitors. A vision born from necessity Dr. Touray, a pulmonologist and critical care physician originally from Kartong, The Gambia, was profoundly affected by the respiratory issues he encountered while practicing in New Mexico. These issues, often linked to hydrocarbon exposure and environmental pollutants, spurred him to address similar problems in Gambia, where air quality data is scarce. \"There's a significant data gap in Africa when it comes to understanding our air,\" Dr. Touray noted. Recognizing the parallels between New Mexico and Gambia, Dr. Touray envisioned the Permian Health Clean Air Initiative. This initiative aims not only to collect data but to empower Gambians with knowledge, enabling them to make informed decisions about their health and advocate for cleaner air. “There’s a significant data gap in Africa when it comes to understanding our air.”–Dr. Sunkaru Touray, Founder, Permian Health The journey of Permian Health Permian Health's mission is clear: to democratize access to air quality data in Gambia by installing low-cost air quality monitors throughout the country. The team selected IQAir’s AirVisual outdoor monitors for this critical work. “These devices are proven to be reliable, user-friendly, and can operate on solar power,” Dr. Touray said. “They also have 4G LTE connectivity,” which make the monitors ideally suited for Gambia's diverse environments—from the bustling streets of Banjul to the rural countryside. \"The goal,\" Dr. Touray explained, \"is not just to collect data but to empower our communities with knowledge so they can make informed decisions about their health and advocate for cleaner air.\" Highlighting areas of concern: Brikama’s air quality Brikama stands as a poignant example of the challenges faced across Gambia. Known for its bustling markets and as a hub for both commerce and community life, the town also grapples with air quality issues that pose risks to its residents. By placing monitors in strategic locations, including the busy highway through Brikama, Permian Health is mapping pollution levels and raising awareness among the local population about the air they breathe daily—while simultaneously acting as a testament to the potential of grassroots air monitoring networks in challenging regions. Dr Touray said, \"As we look to the future, the lessons learned from Brikama will inform our expansion strategies to other regions facing similar challenges. Our success in achieving nationwide coverage, with Brikama as a keystone in our network, exemplifies the scalable model of Permian Health Clean Air Initiative.” “The goal is not to just collect the data but to empower our communities with knowledge so they can make informed decisions about their health.” Local feedback has been largely positive. According to Dr. Touray, real-time access to air quality monitor information has improved local understanding of the dangers of poor air quality, especially during the dry, dusty Harmattan season typically experienced from November to March. Permian Health has collaborated with local groups such as the Brikama Nema Diaspora Group (BRIND) and Karamie’s Health clinic to install sensors in key areas, allowing residents and medical professionals to access real-time air quality data. Pioneering work on the ground To date, the Permian Health air quality network has grown to 14 sensors, achieving nationwide coverage with an air quality sensor in all regions of The Gambia—proof of the project's rapid scalability and success. The project has successfully installed air quality monitors in various locations, including urban areas and industrial sites. These monitors provide real-time data on pollutants like PM2.5, which pose the greatest threat to human health, offering invaluable insights into the air pollution across different regions of Gambia. \"We have sensors in the most densely populated areas,” Dr. Touray said. \"Through the process of collecting PM 2.5 data in Gambia and identifying pollution hotspots, we educate the public about air quality and its impact on public health—and also communicate the importance of installing air quality sensors as a means to make a change.\" This foundational work sets the stage for enhanced accuracy and credibility in air quality monitoring, as underscored by a pivotal development in the project's journey. “The recent addition of a reference-grade monitor donated by MetOne marks a significant leap in our capacity for precision and validation of the data collected by our existing sensor network,” Dr. Touray said. However, maintaining and expanding the network can be impeded by dust accumulation on solar panels during the Harmattan season, unreliable power supplies, and other issues. ‘While we have made significant progress in addressing some of these challenges, connectivity and maintenance in remote areas remain ongoing hurdles in our efforts to maintain and expand the sensor network efficiently,’ Dr. Touray explained. Uniting minds and garnering accolades To raise awareness about their work, Permian Health has created a promotional video which serves as a powerful tool to inform and engage the public about their project. A key milestone for the project was the establishment of the first air quality conference in Gambia, bringing together stakeholders from the government, academia, and civil society to discuss the findings and implications of the collected data. \"This conference was a pivotal moment for us, marking the beginning of a national conversation on air quality,\" reflects Dr. Touray. This national conversation is already making a policy impact. The Ministry of Health has issued public health advisories several times since the air quality sensors were deployed, raising air quality awareness in communities around the country. Dr. Touray emphasizes the importance of partnering with the Gambian government to leverage their data for national air quality standards and planning. \"Working closely with governmental bodies is crucial for our success,\" Dr. Touray notes, highlighting his strong connections within the National Environment Agency, which have been supportive of their endeavors. With the NEA, Permian Health was able to release their first air quality report based on initial installations. This sets the table for future updates from newly installed sensors. Additionally, the project's recent recognition by the Energy Policy Institute of the University of Chicago with an Air Quality Award highlights the global acknowledgment of their impactful work. This prestigious award will enable Permian Health to scale their network further. Currently, there are 22 low-cost sensors deployed, and Gambia will, for the first time ever, have a reference monitor to assist in enhancing air quality monitoring and assessment. Hopes for the Future Thanks to their recent Air Quality Award, Permian Health acquired an 10 sensors, bringing the total to 26 sensors across The Gambia. Six new sensors have been deployed to NEA headquarters, two major health centers with support from the Ministry of Health, and in housing developments in partnership with Gambia’s largest real estate company, TAF Africa Global. The remaining sensors will be deployed to the National Stadium, Gambia International Airport, the Seaport in Banjul, and a major intersection as soon as final government approvals are processed. Dr. Touray envisions a future where every Gambian has access to air quality information, enabling them to protect themselves and their families from air pollution. Furthermore, he hopes to leverage the data collected to advocate for stronger environmental policies and regulations in Gambia. “We’re not just collecting data for the sake of it. We want to drive change.” \"We're not just collecting data for the sake of it. We want to drive change,\" says Dr. Touray. \"Our ultimate goal is for Gambia to set national air quality standards, informed by the comprehensive data we've gathered.\" A key step toward this goal is the second Clean Air Conference, which Permian Health is organizing in partnership with the NEA. The event will bring together stakeholders, including officials from the ministries of Health, Environment, Transport, and Education, to develop a national air quality work plan. According to Dr. Touray, Permian Health is conducting an inventory assessment to determine the key sources of pollution, such as waste burning, reliance on charcoal and firewood for cooking, and transport-related emissions. \"Looking ahead, we aim to strengthen our collaboration with the NEA and the Ministry of Health, to expand and maintain our sensor network.\" \"We plan to enhance public awareness campaigns, especially during high-risk periods, to better inform the community about air quality concerns. We would also like to engage more with local TV stations for them to display air quality and weather information from our network. The takeaway Dr. Sunkaru Touray's work with Permian Health exemplifies innovative activism. The project not only addresses air quality data gaps but also empowers communities to tackle air pollution—an issue that transcends borders. Dr. Touray's mission goes beyond monitoring; it's about transforming the fabric of public health through the lens of air quality.","

In the slender West African nation of Gambia, Dr. Sunkaru Touray of Permian Health Lung Institute is leading an unprecedented initiative to illuminate the invisible dangers of air pollution through the strategic deployment of low-cost air quality monitors.

A vision born from necessity

Dr. Touray, a pulmonologist and critical care physician originally from Kartong, The Gambia, was profoundly affected by the respiratory issues he encountered while practicing in New Mexico. These issues, often linked to hydrocarbon exposure and environmental pollutants, spurred him to address similar problems in Gambia, where air quality data is scarce. \"There's a significant data gap in Africa when it comes to understanding our air,\" Dr. Touray noted.

Recognizing the parallels between New Mexico and Gambia, Dr. Touray envisioned the Permian Health Clean Air Initiative. This initiative aims not only to collect data but to empower Gambians with knowledge, enabling them to make informed decisions about their health and advocate for cleaner air.

“There’s a significant data gap in Africa when it comes to understanding our air.”

–Dr. Sunkaru Touray, Founder, Permian Health

The journey of Permian Health

Permian Health's mission is clear: to democratize access to air quality data in Gambia by installing low-cost air quality monitors throughout the country. The team selected IQAir’s AirVisual outdoor monitors for this critical work. “These devices are proven to be reliable, user-friendly, and can operate on solar power,” Dr. Touray said. “They also have 4G LTE connectivity,” which make the monitors ideally suited for Gambia's diverse environments—from the bustling streets of Banjul to the rural countryside.

\"The goal,\" Dr. Touray explained, \"is not just to collect data but to empower our communities with knowledge so they can make informed decisions about their health and advocate for cleaner air.\"

\nHighlighting areas of concern: Brikama’s air quality\n

Brikama stands as a poignant example of the challenges faced across Gambia. Known for its bustling markets and as a hub for both commerce and community life, the town also grapples with air quality issues that pose risks to its residents. By placing monitors in strategic locations, including the busy highway through Brikama, Permian Health is mapping pollution levels and raising awareness among the local population about the air they breathe daily—while simultaneously acting as a testament to the potential of grassroots air monitoring networks in challenging regions.

$\"\"$

Dr Touray said, \"As we look to the future, the lessons learned from Brikama will inform our expansion strategies to other regions facing similar challenges. Our success in achieving nationwide coverage, with Brikama as a keystone in our network, exemplifies the scalable model of Permian Health Clean Air Initiative.”

“The goal is not to just collect the data but to empower our communities with knowledge so they can make informed decisions about their health.”

Local feedback has been largely positive. According to Dr. Touray, real-time access to air quality monitor information has improved local understanding of the dangers of poor air quality, especially during the dry, dusty Harmattan season typically experienced from November to March.

Permian Health has collaborated with local groups such as the Brikama Nema Diaspora Group (BRIND) and Karamie’s Health clinic to install sensors in key areas, allowing residents and medical professionals to access real-time air quality data.

Pioneering work on the ground

To date, the Permian Health air quality network has grown to 14 sensors, achieving nationwide coverage with an air quality sensor in all regions of The Gambia—proof of the project's rapid scalability and success. The project has successfully installed air quality monitors in various locations, including urban areas and industrial sites. These monitors provide real-time data on pollutants like PM2.5, which pose the greatest threat to human health, offering invaluable insights into the air pollution across different regions of Gambia.

\"We have sensors in the most densely populated areas,” Dr. Touray said. \"Through the process of collecting PM 2.5 data in Gambia and identifying pollution hotspots, we educate the public about air quality and its impact on public health—and also communicate the importance of installing air quality sensors as a means to make a change.\"

This foundational work sets the stage for enhanced accuracy and credibility in air quality monitoring, as underscored by a pivotal development in the project's journey. “The recent addition of a reference-grade monitor donated by MetOne marks a significant leap in our capacity for precision and validation of the data collected by our existing sensor network,” Dr. Touray said.

However, maintaining and expanding the network can be impeded by dust accumulation on solar panels during the Harmattan season, unreliable power supplies, and other issues.

‘While we have made significant progress in addressing some of these challenges, connectivity and maintenance in remote areas remain ongoing hurdles in our efforts to maintain and expand the sensor network efficiently,’ Dr. Touray explained.

Uniting minds and garnering accolades

To raise awareness about their work, Permian Health has created a promotional video which serves as a powerful tool to inform and engage the public about their project.

A key milestone for the project was the establishment of the first air quality conference in Gambia, bringing together stakeholders from the government, academia, and civil society to discuss the findings and implications of the collected data.

\"This conference was a pivotal moment for us, marking the beginning of a national conversation on air quality,\" reflects Dr. Touray.

This national conversation is already making a policy impact. The Ministry of Health has issued public health advisories several times since the air quality sensors were deployed, raising air quality awareness in communities around the country.

Dr. Touray emphasizes the importance of partnering with the Gambian government to leverage their data for national air quality standards and planning. \"Working closely with governmental bodies is crucial for our success,\" Dr. Touray notes, highlighting his strong connections within the National Environment Agency, which have been supportive of their endeavors.

With the NEA, Permian Health was able to release their first air quality report based on initial installations. This sets the table for future updates from newly installed sensors.

Additionally, the project's recent recognition by the Energy Policy Institute of the University of Chicago with an Air Quality Award highlights the global acknowledgment of their impactful work. This prestigious award will enable Permian Health to scale their network further.

Currently, there are 22 low-cost sensors deployed, and Gambia will, for the first time ever, have a reference monitor to assist in enhancing air quality monitoring and assessment.

Hopes for the Future

Thanks to their recent Air Quality Award, Permian Health acquired an 10 sensors, bringing the total to 26 sensors across The Gambia.

$\"\"$

Six new sensors have been deployed to NEA headquarters, two major health centers with support from the Ministry of Health, and in housing developments in partnership with Gambia’s largest real estate company, TAF Africa Global. The remaining sensors will be deployed to the National Stadium, Gambia International Airport, the Seaport in Banjul, and a major intersection as soon as final government approvals are processed.

Dr. Touray envisions a future where every Gambian has access to air quality information, enabling them to protect themselves and their families from air pollution. Furthermore, he hopes to leverage the data collected to advocate for stronger environmental policies and regulations in Gambia.

“We’re not just collecting data for the sake of it. We want to drive change.”

\"We're not just collecting data for the sake of it. We want to drive change,\" says Dr. Touray. \"Our ultimate goal is for Gambia to set national air quality standards, informed by the comprehensive data we've gathered.\"

A key step toward this goal is the second Clean Air Conference, which Permian Health is organizing in partnership with the NEA. The event will bring together stakeholders, including officials from the ministries of Health, Environment, Transport, and Education, to develop a national air quality work plan.

According to Dr. Touray, Permian Health is conducting an inventory assessment to determine the key sources of pollution, such as waste burning, reliance on charcoal and firewood for cooking, and transport-related emissions. \"Looking ahead, we aim to strengthen our collaboration with the NEA and the Ministry of Health, to expand and maintain our sensor network.\"

\"We plan to enhance public awareness campaigns, especially during high-risk periods, to better inform the community about air quality concerns. We would also like to engage more with local TV stations for them to display air quality and weather information from our network.

The takeaway

Dr. Sunkaru Touray's work with Permian Health exemplifies innovative activism. The project not only addresses air quality data gaps but also empowers communities to tackle air pollution—an issue that transcends borders.

Dr. Touray's mission goes beyond monitoring; it's about transforming the fabric of public health through the lens of air quality.

","permian-health-air-quality-crusade-in-gambia","gid://shopify/Article/634018988110","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/permian-health-air-quality-crusade-in-gambia","2025-03-24T17:00:00Z",[109,110,89],"Revealing the Invisible: Permian Health’s Air Quality Crusade in Gambia",{"_66":106,"_80":107,"_82":108,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269813416014","Man working on pole","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/PermianHealth_Desk_A_e25c0fb4-f682-4892-bbc6-5c8e0d753ac9.jpg?v=1754481444","Community","Featured Contributor",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"WWF Pakistan is tackling air pollution with IQAir. Learn how real-time data is driving change across the country.","

WWF Pakistan is tackling air pollution with IQAir. Learn how real-time data is driving change across the country.

","In Pakistan, where vast horizons stretch beneath seemingly clear skies, severe air pollution silently impacts public health and well-being nationwide. Yet, due to a dire lack of data and awareness, the scale of the threat remains largely unseen. Recognizing the urgency of this crisis, WWF-Pakistan has taken significant steps to address air pollution using IQAir’s air quality monitoring technology. WWF-Pakistan has successfully deployed 15 stations across Pakistan and published data to IQAir’s AirVisual platform, establishing the country’s largest air quality monitoring network. With this initiative, WWF-Pakistan is transforming how the country understands and confronts this invisible threat. \"We have successfully reached the goal of installing AirVisual Outdoor sensors in 15 of our offices across Pakistan,\" said WWF-Pakistan’s Research Officer, Muhammad Huzaifa who led this initiative in Pakistan. As of now, WWF-Pakistan has air monitoring stations located in key regions like Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Multan, and Peshawar. They provide real-time data that is accessible to both policymakers and the public. \"We are excited to say that we’ve published the data from these stations to IQAir’s platform, where communities can see their local air quality in real-time.” Pakistan's Air Quality Challenge Pakistan's urban centers, such as Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi, frequently grapple with thick layers of smog. While this is a visible reminder of air pollution, the more dangerous pollutants often remain unseen and unmonitored. One of the greatest challenges in Pakistan has been the need for more reliable, public air quality data. \"Our air quality network provides crucial air quality data in some of Pakistan’s most polluted regions, and are often ranked among the top 10 most polluted cities in the world\" Huzaifa explained. WWF-Pakistan, the nation’s largest environmental organization, has been addressing critical environmental issues since 1970. Originally focused on protecting wildlife and ecosystems, the organization’s scope has broadened to include tackling climate change, protecting vulnerable habitats, and securing vital resources like freshwater. Now, through their air quality monitoring initiative, they are addressing one of the most pressing health and environmental crises facing Pakistan. “Unfortunately, there is little public air quality data available,” Huzaifa noted. “This information vacuum has left policymakers and citizens unprepared to tackle the pollution crisis.” WWF-Pakistan’s initiative helps fill this gap, ensuring the public has access to real-time, localized air quality data. With real-time data now available, citizens, governments, and policymakers can work together to implement solutions, reduce pollution and improve health outcomes across the country. Rolling Out Pakistan’s Air Quality Network WWF-Pakistan’s initiative, which involves installing a total of air quality sensors in 15 key cities across the country, marks a critical step in Pakistan’s battle against air pollution. All 15 stations are currently up and running. Partnering with IQAir adds both credibility and precision to the project. \"IQAir's AirVisual air quality monitors are globally recognized for their accuracy and ability to track even the smallest fluctuations in air quality,\" said Huzaifa. \"IQAir's technology is built to withstand all sorts of weather and having it in place ensures that people will trust the data.\" This transparency is essential for mobilizing both community efforts and policy interventions, as reliable information is crucial to driving meaningful change. Air Quality Data in Action With the sensors online and data flowing into the IQAir platform, WWF-Pakistan's live contributor profile showcases the impact of their work, allowing anyone to monitor air quality in real-time. This transparency empowers citizens and policymakers alike to take informed action, using reliable data to drive meaningful change across the country. Explore WWF-Pakistan’s profile to see the live data from their monitoring stations across Pakistan. \"Data isn’t just a tool for awareness—it’s the foundation for meaningful action,\" Nazifa Butt, Director Climate Action and Sustainability WWF-Pakistan emphasized. “Now that we have the data, we have something to report and base our decisions on.” Nazifa emphasized the importance of storytelling. “We’re going to have to tell two parts of the story,” she explained, pointing out how data can not only expose alarming trends but also inspire communities to push for change—through policies, advocacy, and local initiatives. Vision For the Future WWF-Pakistan envisions a future where every region of the country has access to real-time, accurate air quality data. \"Each sensor we deploy is a step closer to a healthier, more sustainable Pakistan,\" Nazifa explained. By providing access to this data, WWF-Pakistan aims to foster a culture of proactive health management, where individuals and communities can take the steps necessary to protect themselves from pollution. The air quality data being gathered is more than just numbers—it’s a lifeline for communities struggling with the dangers of polluted air. “Our initiative is laying the foundation for a National Clean Air Research Centre,\" Huzaifa said. \"This will be a hub for research and data-driven policies, enabling us to tackle pollution with innovative strategies.\" “Each sensor we deploy is a step closer to a healthier, more sustainable Pakistan.” Beyond their air quality monitoring project, the WWF-Pakistan team oversees more than 70 active environmental protection initiatives in FY 2024 across the country, ranging from clean water access and forest preservation to sustainable infrastructure development. These efforts, working in tandem with the air quality monitoring network, are all part of WWF's broader mission to protect the planet's natural environment and create a future where both people and nature can thrive in harmony. Conclusion WWF-Pakistan's initiative is a testament to the transformative power of data, technology, and collective will in addressing one of today’s most pressing challenges. As this vital work advances, it invites everyone to contribute to the cause—because in the fight for clean air, every voice and every action matters. “This initiative,” Nazifa said, “lays the foundation for what we envision as Pakistan’s future air quality innovation hub. It will serve as a hub for developing strategies and methods to tackle air pollution, aligning efforts across governmental and non-governmental sectors, both locally and internationally, in the fight against climate change.”","

In Pakistan, where vast horizons stretch beneath seemingly clear skies, severe air pollution silently impacts public health and well-being nationwide. Yet, due to a dire lack of data and awareness, the scale of the threat remains largely unseen.

Recognizing the urgency of this crisis, WWF-Pakistan has taken significant steps to address air pollution using IQAir’s air quality monitoring technology. WWF-Pakistan has successfully deployed 15 stations across Pakistan and published data to IQAir’s AirVisual platform, establishing the country’s largest air quality monitoring network. With this initiative, WWF-Pakistan is transforming how the country understands and confronts this invisible threat.

\"We have successfully reached the goal of installing AirVisual Outdoor sensors in 15 of our offices across Pakistan,\" said WWF-Pakistan’s Research Officer, Muhammad Huzaifa who led this initiative in Pakistan.

As of now, WWF-Pakistan has air monitoring stations located in key regions like Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Multan, and Peshawar. They provide real-time data that is accessible to both policymakers and the public. \"We are excited to say that we’ve published the data from these stations to IQAir’s platform, where communities can see their local air quality in real-time.”

Pakistan's Air Quality Challenge

Pakistan's urban centers, such as Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi, frequently grapple with thick layers of smog. While this is a visible reminder of air pollution, the more dangerous pollutants often remain unseen and unmonitored. One of the greatest challenges in Pakistan has been the need for more reliable, public air quality data.

\"Our air quality network provides crucial air quality data in some of Pakistan’s most polluted regions, and are often ranked among the top 10 most polluted cities in the world\" Huzaifa explained.

WWF-Pakistan, the nation’s largest environmental organization, has been addressing critical environmental issues since 1970. Originally focused on protecting wildlife and ecosystems, the organization’s scope has broadened to include tackling climate change, protecting vulnerable habitats, and securing vital resources like freshwater. Now, through their air quality monitoring initiative, they are addressing one of the most pressing health and environmental crises facing Pakistan.

“Unfortunately, there is little public air quality data available,” Huzaifa noted. “This information vacuum has left policymakers and citizens unprepared to tackle the pollution crisis.” WWF-Pakistan’s initiative helps fill this gap, ensuring the public has access to real-time, localized air quality data.

With real-time data now available, citizens, governments, and policymakers can work together to implement solutions, reduce pollution and improve health outcomes across the country.

Rolling Out Pakistan’s Air Quality Network

WWF-Pakistan’s initiative, which involves installing a total of air quality sensors in 15 key cities across the country, marks a critical step in Pakistan’s battle against air pollution. All 15 stations are currently up and running.

Partnering with IQAir adds both credibility and precision to the project. \"IQAir's AirVisual air quality monitors are globally recognized for their accuracy and ability to track even the smallest fluctuations in air quality,\" said Huzaifa. \"IQAir's technology is built to withstand all sorts of weather and having it in place ensures that people will trust the data.\" This transparency is essential for mobilizing both community efforts and policy interventions, as reliable information is crucial to driving meaningful change.

Air Quality Data in Action

With the sensors online and data flowing into the IQAir platform, WWF-Pakistan's live contributor profile showcases the impact of their work, allowing anyone to monitor air quality in real-time. This transparency empowers citizens and policymakers alike to take informed action, using reliable data to drive meaningful change across the country. Explore WWF-Pakistan’s profile to see the live data from their monitoring stations across Pakistan.

\"Data isn’t just a tool for awareness—it’s the foundation for meaningful action,\" Nazifa Butt, Director Climate Action and Sustainability WWF-Pakistan emphasized. “Now that we have the data, we have something to report and base our decisions on.”

Nazifa emphasized the importance of storytelling. “We’re going to have to tell two parts of the story,” she explained, pointing out how data can not only expose alarming trends but also inspire communities to push for change—through policies, advocacy, and local initiatives.

Vision For the Future

WWF-Pakistan envisions a future where every region of the country has access to real-time, accurate air quality data.

\"Each sensor we deploy is a step closer to a healthier, more sustainable Pakistan,\" Nazifa explained. By providing access to this data, WWF-Pakistan aims to foster a culture of proactive health management, where individuals and communities can take the steps necessary to protect themselves from pollution.

The air quality data being gathered is more than just numbers—it’s a lifeline for communities struggling with the dangers of polluted air. “Our initiative is laying the foundation for a National Clean Air Research Centre,\" Huzaifa said. \"This will be a hub for research and data-driven policies, enabling us to tackle pollution with innovative strategies.\"

“Each sensor we deploy is a step closer to a healthier, more sustainable Pakistan.”

Beyond their air quality monitoring project, the WWF-Pakistan team oversees more than 70 active environmental protection initiatives in FY 2024 across the country, ranging from clean water access and forest preservation to sustainable infrastructure development. These efforts, working in tandem with the air quality monitoring network, are all part of WWF's broader mission to protect the planet's natural environment and create a future where both people and nature can thrive in harmony.

Conclusion

WWF-Pakistan's initiative is a testament to the transformative power of data, technology, and collective will in addressing one of today’s most pressing challenges. As this vital work advances, it invites everyone to contribute to the cause—because in the fight for clean air, every voice and every action matters.

“This initiative,” Nazifa said, “lays the foundation for what we envision as Pakistan’s future air quality innovation hub. It will serve as a hub for developing strategies and methods to tackle air pollution, aligning efforts across governmental and non-governmental sectors, both locally and internationally, in the fight against climate change.”

","revealing-the-invisible-wwf-pakistan","gid://shopify/Article/634659078222","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/revealing-the-invisible-wwf-pakistan","2025-11-12T17:43:22Z",[109,110,89],"Revealing the Invisible: WWF-Pakistan’s mission for clean air",{"_66":124,"_80":125,"_82":126,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/270766047310","WWF Team standing Next to Solar Panel","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_PakistanContributor_Desk_A_1ed3d785-94f0-4a6f-af87-5d895532bd30.jpg?v=1762969405",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Discover how Tedy Mwendwa's air quality monitoring project in Nairobi is bridging critical gaps in Africa's air quality data. Learn more.","

Discover how Tedy Mwendwa's air quality monitoring project in Nairobi is bridging critical gaps in Africa's air quality data. Learn more.

","“Every day, I witness the severe impact of poor air quality on my community,” Tedy Mwendwa explained. “Using my expertise in electrical engineering, I felt compelled to create change.” In the heart of Africa, amidst bustling cities and vibrant rural landscapes, Mwendwa is pioneering a movement for cleaner air in Kenya. With a professional foundation in electrical engineering and a passion for environmental stewardship, Mwendwa's deployment of a low-cost air quality sensor in Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi, marks a pivotal step in revealing and addressing pollution and bridging critical gaps in Africa’s air quality data. Nairobi's leap towards cleaner air In late 2021, Mwendwa established an air quality station. Set up along one of Nairobi’s busy thoroughfares, the station gathers data on pollutants from sources like vehicular exhaust and biomass burning. \"It's about leveraging technology to unveil the hidden dangers of pollution.” “It's about leveraging technology to unveil the hidden dangers of pollution,” Mwendwa said. “Empowering our community with this data is crucial for driving action and advocating for sustainable solutions. Without data, we remain in the dark.” Local expertise, global resources drive innovation Building on the foundation of community-driven air monitoring, the project has taken a step forward. It now hosts East Africa’s first Monster Aerosol System (a platform that houses advanced aerosol analyzers), featuring a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (TOF-ACSM). This technology provides real-time, high-resolution data on airborne particles—including nitrates, ammonium, and chlorides—uncovering the chemical fingerprints of pollution with unprecedented precision. Paired with a black carbon monitor, the system offers a comprehensive view of airborne composition and sources. These reference-grade instruments build on the project’s original IQAir AirVisual Outdoor monitor—pairing community-level, real-time data with laboratory-grade chemical insight. The TOF-ACSM will help identify pollution sources—from mineral dust kicked up by unpaved roads and construction to organic aerosols tied to biomass burning and traffic emissions. It will also track seasonal and daily shifts in air quality, influenced by weather patterns and human activity. The initiative is expanding further with the deployment of GRIMM EDM 180 reference monitors across Nairobi, replacing older equipment to deliver faster, more accurate readings with minimal maintenance. In collaboration with the Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA), these monitors will be placed along major highways and construction zones, ensuring data reflects the realities of urban life. These advancements are part of the NBO-CHEM Project (Nairobi Aerosol Chemistry and Monitoring Initiative), an effort funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and led by Prof. Daniel M. Westervelt, Dr. Godwin Opinde, and Tedy Mwendwa. By combining local expertise with state-of-the-art scientific resources, the project aims to transform how we understand air pollution in East Africa. The challenge of air quality monitoring in Africa The new additions to the project are heartening developments towards advancing air quality understanding in East Africa. Yet, despite the increasing efforts to monitor air quality globally, Africa remains one of the most underrepresented continents in terms of air quality data. According to the 2024 World Air Quality Report, there is only one monitoring station for every 3.7 million people. While coverage has expanded to include more African countries in recent years, there are still vast areas without sufficient data. For example, countries like Niger and Sudan remain without publicly available monitoring data.Air pollution is a major health threat, causing an estimated seven million premature deaths worldwide each year. Without accurate data, it is challenging to address the sources and impacts of air pollution effectively. Grassroots efforts like Mwendwa's are crucial in filling these data gaps, providing models for further projects and inspiring broader initiatives. Harnessing technology for a healthier tomorrow Utilizing an AirVisual Outdoor air quality monitor, Mwendwa’s station gathers critical real-time data. “The AirVisual sensor was easy to deploy and requires little maintenance, even in our somewhat extreme conditions with limited resources,” he said.The project, though small, is already making a difference in the community. “By sharing a link to the AirVisual Platform and using the app, we can easily get our data to students nationwide, enabling them to conduct their own research on pollution,” he said. The data has also been used to inform parents with small children of the effects of poor air quality. \"They need to understand that this data can help give them a better life,\" Mwendwa said. Cultivating environmental consciousness Mwendwa envisions a future where air quality stations span Africa, fostering a culture of environmental awareness and proactive health management. “The data my station is gathering empowers students to conduct community research, highlighting pollution's impact and fostering greater understanding,” he said. “This awareness can significantly influence the general population.\"Mwendwa plans further collaborations with local governments, communities, and international bodies, with this initial project laying a foundation for sustainable environmental policies and practices. “Our goal is to illuminate the unseen threats of pollution through technology,” he said. “Providing our community, and beyond, with this data, equips them to advocate for sustainable solutions essential for a healthier future. Without data, we are navigating blindly.” “Providing our community with this data equips them to advocate for sustainable solutions essential for a healthier future.” Conclusion From a low-cost sensor to a full NBO-CHEM reference hybrid network, Mwendwa’s project shows how local leadership and modern tools can accelerate Kenya’s clean-air progress. The project is an invitation to communities and policymakers to engage in a similar quest for healthier environments.Mwendwa's efforts symbolize more than geographic growth—they embody the momentum of a global movement dedicated to clean air. His work exemplifies uniting technology, data, and collective engagement to tackle one of our era's most pressing challenges.Achieving cleaner air is a communal endeavor, demanding innovation and cooperation. Mwendwa's project is a rallying cry to all, inviting participation in crafting a healthier, sustainable future for generations to come.","

“Every day, I witness the severe impact of poor air quality on my community,” Tedy Mwendwa explained. “Using my expertise in electrical engineering, I felt compelled to create change.”

In the heart of Africa, amidst bustling cities and vibrant rural landscapes, Mwendwa is pioneering a movement for cleaner air in Kenya. With a professional foundation in electrical engineering and a passion for environmental stewardship, Mwendwa's deployment of a low-cost air quality sensor in Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi, marks a pivotal step in revealing and addressing pollution and bridging critical gaps in Africa’s air quality data.

Nairobi's leap towards cleaner air

In late 2021, Mwendwa established an air quality station. Set up along one of Nairobi’s busy thoroughfares, the station gathers data on pollutants from sources like vehicular exhaust and biomass burning.

\"It's about leveraging technology to unveil the hidden dangers of pollution.”

“It's about leveraging technology to unveil the hidden dangers of pollution,” Mwendwa said. “Empowering our community with this data is crucial for driving action and advocating for sustainable solutions. Without data, we remain in the dark.”

Local expertise, global resources drive innovation

Building on the foundation of community-driven air monitoring, the project has taken a step forward. It now hosts East Africa’s first Monster Aerosol System (a platform that houses advanced aerosol analyzers), featuring a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (TOF-ACSM). This technology provides real-time, high-resolution data on airborne particles—including nitrates, ammonium, and chlorides—uncovering the chemical fingerprints of pollution with unprecedented precision. Paired with a black carbon monitor, the system offers a comprehensive view of airborne composition and sources. These reference-grade instruments build on the project’s original IQAir AirVisual Outdoor monitor—pairing community-level, real-time data with laboratory-grade chemical insight.

The TOF-ACSM will help identify pollution sources—from mineral dust kicked up by unpaved roads and construction to organic aerosols tied to biomass burning and traffic emissions. It will also track seasonal and daily shifts in air quality, influenced by weather patterns and human activity.

The initiative is expanding further with the deployment of GRIMM EDM 180 reference monitors across Nairobi, replacing older equipment to deliver faster, more accurate readings with minimal maintenance. In collaboration with the Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA), these monitors will be placed along major highways and construction zones, ensuring data reflects the realities of urban life.

These advancements are part of the NBO-CHEM Project (Nairobi Aerosol Chemistry and Monitoring Initiative), an effort funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and led by Prof. Daniel M. Westervelt, Dr. Godwin Opinde, and Tedy Mwendwa.

By combining local expertise with state-of-the-art scientific resources, the project aims to transform how we understand air pollution in East Africa.

The challenge of air quality monitoring in Africa

The new additions to the project are heartening developments towards advancing air quality understanding in East Africa. Yet, despite the increasing efforts to monitor air quality globally, Africa remains one of the most underrepresented continents in terms of air quality data. According to the 2024 World Air Quality Report, there is only one monitoring station for every 3.7 million people.

While coverage has expanded to include more African countries in recent years, there are still vast areas without sufficient data. For example, countries like Niger and Sudan remain without publicly available monitoring data.

Air pollution is a major health threat, causing an estimated seven million premature deaths worldwide each year. Without accurate data, it is challenging to address the sources and impacts of air pollution effectively. Grassroots efforts like Mwendwa's are crucial in filling these data gaps, providing models for further projects and inspiring broader initiatives.

Harnessing technology for a healthier tomorrow

Utilizing an AirVisual Outdoor air quality monitor, Mwendwa’s station gathers critical real-time data. “The AirVisual sensor was easy to deploy and requires little maintenance, even in our somewhat extreme conditions with limited resources,” he said.

The project, though small, is already making a difference in the community. “By sharing a link to the AirVisual Platform and using the app, we can easily get our data to students nationwide, enabling them to conduct their own research on pollution,” he said. The data has also been used to inform parents with small children of the effects of poor air quality. \"They need to understand that this data can help give them a better life,\" Mwendwa said.

Cultivating environmental consciousness

Mwendwa envisions a future where air quality stations span Africa, fostering a culture of environmental awareness and proactive health management. “The data my station is gathering empowers students to conduct community research, highlighting pollution's impact and fostering greater understanding,” he said. “This awareness can significantly influence the general population.\"

Mwendwa plans further collaborations with local governments, communities, and international bodies, with this initial project laying a foundation for sustainable environmental policies and practices. “Our goal is to illuminate the unseen threats of pollution through technology,” he said. “Providing our community, and beyond, with this data, equips them to advocate for sustainable solutions essential for a healthier future. Without data, we are navigating blindly.”

“Providing our community with this data equips them to advocate for sustainable solutions essential for a healthier future.”

Conclusion

From a low-cost sensor to a full NBO-CHEM reference hybrid network, Mwendwa’s project shows how local leadership and modern tools can accelerate Kenya’s clean-air progress. The project is an invitation to communities and policymakers to engage in a similar quest for healthier environments.

Mwendwa's efforts symbolize more than geographic growth—they embody the momentum of a global movement dedicated to clean air. His work exemplifies uniting technology, data, and collective engagement to tackle one of our era's most pressing challenges.

Achieving cleaner air is a communal endeavor, demanding innovation and cooperation. Mwendwa's project is a rallying cry to all, inviting participation in crafting a healthier, sustainable future for generations to come.

","revealing-the-invisible-kenya","gid://shopify/Article/634090586190","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/revealing-the-invisible-kenya","2025-12-01T13:00:00Z",[110,89],"Revealing the Invisible: Boosting air quality awareness in Kenya",{"_66":140,"_80":141,"_82":142,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273486184526","Nairobi-city-smog","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_Revamp_Kenya_Clean_Air_Desktop_cd749b43-0150-45f4-a731-3aaad86eb4f3.jpg?v=1779905052",{"_51":52,"_53":196,"_11":197,"_56":198,"_58":198,"_60":199,"_62":200,"_64":201,"_66":202,"_68":203,"_70":-5,"_71":204,"_73":205,"_75":206,"_77":207},{"_51":52,"_53":180,"_11":181,"_56":182,"_58":182,"_60":183,"_62":184,"_64":185,"_66":186,"_68":187,"_70":-5,"_71":188,"_73":189,"_75":190,"_77":191},{"_51":52,"_53":164,"_11":165,"_56":166,"_58":166,"_60":167,"_62":168,"_64":169,"_66":170,"_68":171,"_70":-5,"_71":172,"_73":173,"_75":174,"_77":175},{"_51":52,"_53":147,"_11":148,"_56":149,"_58":149,"_60":150,"_62":151,"_64":152,"_66":153,"_68":154,"_70":-5,"_71":155,"_73":156,"_75":157,"_77":158},{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn more how scented candles release harmful chemicals into the air — even when unlit — and can harm your health.","Are scented candles bad for you?Burning a scented candle is a popular way to create a pleasant ambiance at home. Scents such aslavender, jasmine, and sandalwood can be relaxing and invigorating. During the holidays, many people find the warm glow and aroma of pine, gingerbread, or cinnamon makes a room feel more festive.Unfortunately, most mass-produced scented candles can have a negative impact on indoor air quality. From the wax to the wick to the fragrance itself, the average scented candle can release harmful chemicals into the air — even when unlit.From the wax to the wick to the fragrance itself, the average scented candle can release harmful chemicals into the air — even when unlit.So while you and your family may enjoy the fragrance of scented candles in your home, they may be harmful to your health. Read on to learn why some candles are bad for you.Paraffin waxAre paraffin wax candles safe? In what way can wax be harmful?According to a 2017 study in the International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, paraffin candles emit pollutants that can threaten human health and shouldn’t be burned in enclosed areas (1).Most candles are made from paraffin, a petroleum byproduct. To create paraffin wax candles, petroleum waste is chemically bleached, deodorized, and made into wax. When burned, paraffin wax can release toxicvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, including known carcinogens like: alkenes acetone benzene toluene These are the same chemicals found in diesel fuel emissions and are known to cause allergies, asthma attacks, and skin problems.A 2005 study published by the University of South Florida showed that candles made of paraffin wax emit low levels of benzene even when they are not lit (2).Is burning candles bad for you?In addition to releasing toxic chemicals, burning paraffin wax produces soot composed of particulate matter such as, PM2.5 and ultrafine particles that can remain suspended in the air for hours. According to the University of South Florida study, ultrafine soot particles are similar to diesel exhaust in both their size and composition. They penetrate deeply into the lungs and are absorbed into the blood stream (3).A 2000 study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency showed that soot emissions from candles are significantly higher after wax breakthrough occurs and when a candle is smoldering (4).Ultrafine particles are associated with severe health issues, including: allergies asthma COPD (5) respiratory tract infections heart attacks strokes cancer So, are candles bad for your health? Not all candles produce the same amount of air pollutants. A 2002 study published in theJournal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society found that soywax, much like beeswax candles, burned at a significantly lower rate and resulted in less soot than paraffin candles (6).Chemical fragrancesAnother problem with scented candles is that the chemicals they use to create a pleasing aroma are generally far from wholesome.Most scented candles use synthetic fragrances and dyes that give off dangerous VOCs even at room temperature.Most scented candles use synthetic fragrances and dyes that give off dangerous VOCs even at room temperature. Commonly emitted VOCs related to the scent in candles include (7): formaldehyde petroleum distillates limonene alcohol esters These harmful chemicals can cause health problems, such as: headaches dizziness allergy symptoms asthma attacks respiratory tract infections cancer Cored wicksMany candles have cored wicks made from cotton that are wrapped around a metal support. The design helps keep the wick from falling over into the wax. This is especially useful for scented candles because the fragrance oils soften the wax and allow non-cored wicks to go limp.Are candles toxic? If they have lead in them, possibly. Lead was once commonly used in cored candlewicks — especially in candles imported from overseas. However, after determining that these wicks could present a lead poisoning hazard to young children, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the manufacture and sale of all candles with lead-core wicks in 2003 (8). Zinc and tin have been used as a substitute since the ban.All metal-core wicks release trace amounts of heavy metals into the air when they are burned.However, all metal-core wicks release trace amounts of heavy metals into the air when they are burned. Wicks with zinc and tin cores can still release small amounts of lead particles (9,10).Safer alternativesTo limit soot stains and poor air quality in your home, you should avoid or restrict the use of candles (11).If you still crave the pleasant ambiance and aroma of scented candles, here are safer ways to scent the air: Use essential oils for fragrance.Essential oils can be placed in a diffuser or in bathwater to create a desired aroma. Simmer spices.Place spices such as cinnamon sticks, cloves, and nutmeg in a pot of water and let it simmer on the stove. Create potpourri.Dried items such as flowers, berries, fruit rinds, wood chips, and spices can be placed in bowls or fabric bags and placed around your home. The takeawayLighting scented candles may seem like a relaxing way to enjoy your home. But burning scented candles releases VOC pollutants and worsens your home’s indoor air quality. Although fragrances from safer alternatives like essential oils can be pleasant, trulyclean air smells like nothing at all.","

Are scented candles bad for you?

Burning a scented candle is a popular way to create a pleasant ambiance at home. Scents such aslavender, jasmine, and sandalwood can be relaxing and invigorating. During the holidays, many people find the warm glow and aroma of pine, gingerbread, or cinnamon makes a room feel more festive.

Unfortunately, most mass-produced scented candles can have a negative impact on indoor air quality. From the wax to the wick to the fragrance itself, the average scented candle can release harmful chemicals into the air — even when unlit.

From the wax to the wick to the fragrance itself, the average scented candle can release harmful chemicals into the air — even when unlit.

So while you and your family may enjoy the fragrance of scented candles in your home, they may be harmful to your health. Read on to learn why some candles are bad for you.

Paraffin wax

Are paraffin wax candles safe? In what way can wax be harmful?

According to a 2017 study in the International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, paraffin candles emit pollutants that can threaten human health and shouldn’t be burned in enclosed areas (1).

Most candles are made from paraffin, a petroleum byproduct. To create paraffin wax candles, petroleum waste is chemically bleached, deodorized, and made into wax. When burned, paraffin wax can release toxicvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, including known carcinogens like:

alkenes
acetone
benzene
toluene

These are the same chemicals found in diesel fuel emissions and are known to cause allergies, asthma attacks, and skin problems.

A 2005 study published by the University of South Florida showed that candles made of paraffin wax emit low levels of benzene even when they are not lit (2).

Is burning candles bad for you?

In addition to releasing toxic chemicals, burning paraffin wax produces soot composed of particulate matter such as, PM2.5 and ultrafine particles that can remain suspended in the air for hours. According to the University of South Florida study, ultrafine soot particles are similar to diesel exhaust in both their size and composition. They penetrate deeply into the lungs and are absorbed into the blood stream (3).

A 2000 study conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency showed that soot emissions from candles are significantly higher after wax breakthrough occurs and when a candle is smoldering (4).

Ultrafine particles are associated with severe health issues, including:

allergies
asthma
COPD (5)
respiratory tract infections
heart attacks
strokes
cancer

So, are candles bad for your health? Not all candles produce the same amount of air pollutants. A 2002 study published in theJournal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society found that soywax, much like beeswax candles, burned at a significantly lower rate and resulted in less soot than paraffin candles (6).

Chemical fragrances

Another problem with scented candles is that the chemicals they use to create a pleasing aroma are generally far from wholesome.

Most scented candles use synthetic fragrances and dyes that give off dangerous VOCs even at room temperature.

Most scented candles use synthetic fragrances and dyes that give off dangerous VOCs even at room temperature. Commonly emitted VOCs related to the scent in candles include (7):

formaldehyde
petroleum distillates
limonene
alcohol
esters

These harmful chemicals can cause health problems, such as:

headaches
dizziness
allergy symptoms
asthma attacks
respiratory tract infections
cancer
\n\n\t

Cored wicks

Many candles have cored wicks made from cotton that are wrapped around a metal support. The design helps keep the wick from falling over into the wax. This is especially useful for scented candles because the fragrance oils soften the wax and allow non-cored wicks to go limp.

Are candles toxic? If they have lead in them, possibly. Lead was once commonly used in cored candlewicks — especially in candles imported from overseas. However, after determining that these wicks could present a lead poisoning hazard to young children, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the manufacture and sale of all candles with lead-core wicks in 2003 (8). Zinc and tin have been used as a substitute since the ban.

All metal-core wicks release trace amounts of heavy metals into the air when they are burned.

However, all metal-core wicks release trace amounts of heavy metals into the air when they are burned. Wicks with zinc and tin cores can still release small amounts of lead particles (9,10).

Safer alternatives

To limit soot stains and poor air quality in your home, you should avoid or restrict the use of candles (11).

If you still crave the pleasant ambiance and aroma of scented candles, here are safer ways to scent the air:

\nUse essential oils for fragrance.Essential oils can be placed in a diffuser or in bathwater to create a desired aroma.
\nSimmer spices.Place spices such as cinnamon sticks, cloves, and nutmeg in a pot of water and let it simmer on the stove.
\nCreate potpourri.Dried items such as flowers, berries, fruit rinds, wood chips, and spices can be placed in bowls or fabric bags and placed around your home.

The takeaway

Lighting scented candles may seem like a relaxing way to enjoy your home. But burning scented candles releases VOC pollutants and worsens your home’s indoor air quality. Although fragrances from safer alternatives like essential oils can be pleasant, trulyclean air smells like nothing at all.

","hidden-dangers-scented-candles","gid://shopify/Article/564925464654","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/hidden-dangers-scented-candles","2016-12-04T22:35:53Z",[162,163],"The hidden dangers of scented candles",{"_66":159,"_80":160,"_82":161,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269279461454","Two lit candles","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/49_scented_desktop_RE_8f4a0295-45a8-421d-870a-900787fa96cc.jpg?v=1749633122","Health and Wellness","Popular articles",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"They look great on your nightstand, but are they worth their salt as air purifiers? Learn more.","Himalayan salt lamps DO NOT purify indoor air.These trendy little lamps consist of a light bulb placed inside a chunk of pink Himalayan salt. They’re easily recognized by their hand-carved, often stylized shapes and dim, pinkish glow they emit when light shines through them.They’ve been gaining popularity for years, mostly because their distinct color and unique appearance make them attractive objects for interior decoration, and their glow can add a pleasing atmosphere to a room.But their recent rise in popularity as “natural” air purifiers should trouble you.A host of (often misleading) studies supporting the use of salt in treating respiratory conditions have escalated demand for these little pink things, especially within the well-primed alternative medicine market, full of people who may already be seeking home remedies for all sorts of health conditions and indoor environmental issues when modern medicine hasn’t seemed to help.And you shouldn’t buy a Himalayan salt lamp to purify your air for one major reason: they’re negative ionizers, and negative ionization is one of the most absurd air purification myths ever devised.Why are Himalayan salt lamps bad for air quality?Again, two words: negative ionization.If you ever hear the words “ionization” (in one form or another) and “air purification” in the same sentence, you should run in the opposite direction.In the context of air purification, negative ionization happens when negatively charged particles attach themselves, or “charge,” pollutant particles in the air, effectively removing them from ambient air by causing them to stick to nearby surfaces.This phenomenon also occurs in nature – know that distinct smell in the air after a thunderstorm? That’s the result of “atmospheric space charge” as air ions are generated by the electric fields of storms.1 Many air purifiers and purification devices sold in stores, including Himalayan salt lamps and a variety of “air ionizers,” artificially produce high voltage to achieve this same effect.The problem with negative ionization, though, is that it doesn’t actually remove pollutants from your indoor air – it just causes the particles to adhere themselves to nearby surfaces, where they’re easily stirred up by indoor activities like dusting, vacuuming, and ventilation.Charged particles can also stick to your respiratory tract, where charged particles can settle in your windpipe and lungs and cause even more harm that if they’d just remained in the air. Studies show that these particles can penetrate deep into your respiratory system and cause both heart and lung conditions.2The average, nightstand-sized Himalayan salt lamp generates only a small number of negative ions into the air, so you may not notice any tangible change in your air quality or health, at least immediately. But these lamps can be huge: you can buy salt lamps that weight up to 300 pounds for thousands of dollars, and their ionization effects may have a more noticeable effect on your air, especially if you live in an airtight, energy-efficient home in which indoor pollutants have a much harder time getting out.And negative ionizers have another dark secret: they can also create indoor ozone (O3).There are two main types of ozone: Stratospheric ozone: Alayer of ozone occurs naturally several miles up in the atmosphere, where it protects the surface of the earth (and people’s skin) from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Tropospheric ozone: Also called ground-level ozone or smog, ground-level ozone tends to develop when heat from sunlight reacts with chemicals near the ground, many of which are produced by emissions from vehicle exhaust and factory smoke. Negative ionization can generate tropospheric ozone indoors. While stratospheric ozone has no interaction with us in the lower atmosphere, ground-level ozone is far more harmful when it builds up to high levels. And perhaps one of the starkest examples of ground-level ozone is one that millions of us know very well – the smog that forms in major cities during rush hour.If you live near a freeway, dense urban center, or even at a high elevation where you can see the area around an urban area. A few hours or less after rush hour begins and the sun begins to rise, you’ll start to notice a visible layer of haze build up. This is ground-level ozone, and even though it’s a typical feature of modern life, extensive research shows that it causes a plethora of immediate symptoms, including: Coughing Wheezing Trouble breathing Stuffy nose Dizziness Tingling in arms and legs Fever3,4 Further research suggests that ozone is also responsible for long-term health problems, such as asthma, heart disease, and lung disease. Emerging studies on rats also suggest that ozone could cause seizures and blindness.So even though you may not get rush-hour levels of ozone in your home from a salt lamp, indoor ozone buildup can indeed cause some disruptive health effects if you don’t follow best practices for good Indoor Air Quality.So what’s so special about Himalayan salt?So how did someone come up with the idea that Himalayan salt lamps have any health effects at all?The story stretches back millennia. Truly authentic Himalayan salt comes from the Khewra salt reserves in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Salt mined here is thought to be millions of years old and contain numerous minerals.Salt lamps have been proposed for use in treatments for conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of their purported therapeutic effects on your respiratory system. This treatment even has a clinical term: halotherapy, based on an ages-old respiratory treatment technique known as speleotherapy. First used in Eastern Europe, speleotherapy consists of spending time in a salt cave, where four environmental conditions are thought to help reduce symptoms of respiratory illness:5 Stable air temperature Moderate to high humidity Presence of aerosol elements, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium Lack of airborne pollutants Halotherapy takes the notion that salt cave environments are good for respiratory health by having people inhale small amounts of salt particles that are released into the ambient air of a controlled room to “reproduce” a salt cave’s microclimate. But there’s no conclusive evidence that either speleotherapy or halotherapy actually relieve respiratory symptoms.6Take the claims with a grain of...well, saltSo here’s the takeaway: We’re not saying you shouldn’t get a Himalayan salt lamp. Their dim glow can be quite soothing at night when you’re trying to fall asleep.But they don’t purify air. And “air purifiers” that emits ions and ozone may make your indoor air quality worse, introduce new health problems, and exacerbate existing ones.You can take many precautions to monitorand keep your indoor air clean, but buying a salt lamp isn’t one of them. Try these proven methods instead: Be aware of your indoor air quality. The AirVisual Series consists of portable air quality monitors that use cutting-edge laser technology to give you real-time measurements of key pollutants, including particulate matter. AirVisual Series also provides 72-hour historical and forecast data so that you can know exactly when and why your indoor air quality changes. Control sources of poor indoor air quality. If you’re thinking about buying a salt lamp to purify your air, chances are that you do have air quality issues that you may be able to do something about. The first step to improving your indoor indoor air quality is source control.This means eliminating individual sources of pollution or reducing their emissions. Regularly clean your HVAC system ducts. Install a whole-house air purifier into your HVAC system to reduce indoor pollutants by up to 95%. Replace water-damaged areas of your home to prevent mold and dust mites. Keep paints, solvents, and other chemicals in well-ventilated areas. Ventilate your home. Let in fresh air regularly to lower the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. This is especially important if you live in an airtight, energy-efficient home in which indoor pollutants have nowhere to go and thus build up to dangerous levels. Open doors and windows when outdoor air quality is good. Use a range hood for your stove to capture gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cooking. Use an air purifier with HyperHEPA technology. The IQAir HealthPro Plusis the best air purifier for even the smallest pollutant particles, removing up to 99.5% of particulates down to 0.003 microns, like viruses and ultrafine particles from vehicle exhaust. The Atempersonal air purifier can also provide pure, pollutant-free air directly into your personal breathing zone. Sure, a salt lamp can be a nice accessory and bring some calm into your home. But there’s plenty you can do to actually keep your indoor air clean and bring yourself some peace of mind knowing that your home is a clean air sanctuary.","

Himalayan salt lamps DO NOT purify indoor air.

These trendy little lamps consist of a light bulb placed inside a chunk of pink Himalayan salt. They’re easily recognized by their hand-carved, often stylized shapes and dim, pinkish glow they emit when light shines through them.

They’ve been gaining popularity for years, mostly because their distinct color and unique appearance make them attractive objects for interior decoration, and their glow can add a pleasing atmosphere to a room.

But their recent rise in popularity as “natural” air purifiers should trouble you.

A host of (often misleading) studies supporting the use of salt in treating respiratory conditions have escalated demand for these little pink things, especially within the well-primed alternative medicine market, full of people who may already be seeking home remedies for all sorts of health conditions and indoor environmental issues when modern medicine hasn’t seemed to help.

And you shouldn’t buy a Himalayan salt lamp to purify your air for one major reason: they’re negative ionizers, and negative ionization is one of the most absurd air purification myths ever devised.

Why are Himalayan salt lamps bad for air quality?

Again, two words: negative ionization.

If you ever hear the words “ionization” (in one form or another) and “air purification” in the same sentence, you should run in the opposite direction.

In the context of air purification, negative ionization happens when negatively charged particles attach themselves, or “charge,” pollutant particles in the air, effectively removing them from ambient air by causing them to stick to nearby surfaces.

This phenomenon also occurs in nature – know that distinct smell in the air after a thunderstorm? That’s the result of “atmospheric space charge” as air ions are generated by the electric fields of storms.¹ Many air purifiers and purification devices sold in stores, including Himalayan salt lamps and a variety of “air ionizers,” artificially produce high voltage to achieve this same effect.

The problem with negative ionization, though, is that it doesn’t actually remove pollutants from your indoor air – it just causes the particles to adhere themselves to nearby surfaces, where they’re easily stirred up by indoor activities like dusting, vacuuming, and ventilation.

Charged particles can also stick to your respiratory tract, where charged particles can settle in your windpipe and lungs and cause even more harm that if they’d just remained in the air. Studies show that these particles can penetrate deep into your respiratory system and cause both heart and lung conditions.²

The average, nightstand-sized Himalayan salt lamp generates only a small number of negative ions into the air, so you may not notice any tangible change in your air quality or health, at least immediately. But these lamps can be huge: you can buy salt lamps that weight up to 300 pounds for thousands of dollars, and their ionization effects may have a more noticeable effect on your air, especially if you live in an airtight, energy-efficient home in which indoor pollutants have a much harder time getting out.

And negative ionizers have another dark secret: they can also create indoor ozone (O₃).

There are two main types of ozone:

\nStratospheric ozone: Alayer of ozone occurs naturally several miles up in the atmosphere, where it protects the surface of the earth (and people’s skin) from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
\nTropospheric ozone: Also called ground-level ozone or smog, ground-level ozone tends to develop when heat from sunlight reacts with chemicals near the ground, many of which are produced by emissions from vehicle exhaust and factory smoke.

Negative ionization can generate tropospheric ozone indoors. While stratospheric ozone has no interaction with us in the lower atmosphere, ground-level ozone is far more harmful when it builds up to high levels. And perhaps one of the starkest examples of ground-level ozone is one that millions of us know very well – the smog that forms in major cities during rush hour.

If you live near a freeway, dense urban center, or even at a high elevation where you can see the area around an urban area. A few hours or less after rush hour begins and the sun begins to rise, you’ll start to notice a visible layer of haze build up. This is ground-level ozone, and even though it’s a typical feature of modern life, extensive research shows that it causes a plethora of immediate symptoms, including:

Coughing
Wheezing
Trouble breathing
Stuffy nose
Dizziness
Tingling in arms and legs
Fever^3,4\n

Further research suggests that ozone is also responsible for long-term health problems, such as asthma, heart disease, and lung disease. Emerging studies on rats also suggest that ozone could cause seizures and blindness.

So even though you may not get rush-hour levels of ozone in your home from a salt lamp, indoor ozone buildup can indeed cause some disruptive health effects if you don’t follow best practices for good Indoor Air Quality.

So what’s so special about Himalayan salt?

So how did someone come up with the idea that Himalayan salt lamps have any health effects at all?

The story stretches back millennia. Truly authentic Himalayan salt comes from the Khewra salt reserves in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Salt mined here is thought to be millions of years old and contain numerous minerals.

Salt lamps have been proposed for use in treatments for conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of their purported therapeutic effects on your respiratory system. This treatment even has a clinical term: halotherapy, based on an ages-old respiratory treatment technique known as speleotherapy. First used in Eastern Europe, speleotherapy consists of spending time in a salt cave, where four environmental conditions are thought to help reduce symptoms of respiratory illness:⁵

Stable air temperature
Moderate to high humidity
Presence of aerosol elements, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium
Lack of airborne pollutants

Halotherapy takes the notion that salt cave environments are good for respiratory health by having people inhale small amounts of salt particles that are released into the ambient air of a controlled room to “reproduce” a salt cave’s microclimate. But there’s no conclusive evidence that either speleotherapy or halotherapy actually relieve respiratory symptoms.⁶

Take the claims with a grain of...well, salt

So here’s the takeaway: We’re not saying you shouldn’t get a Himalayan salt lamp. Their dim glow can be quite soothing at night when you’re trying to fall asleep.

But they don’t purify air. And “air purifiers” that emits ions and ozone may make your indoor air quality worse, introduce new health problems, and exacerbate existing ones.

You can take many precautions to monitorand keep your indoor air clean, but buying a salt lamp isn’t one of them. Try these proven methods instead:

\nBe aware of your indoor air quality. The AirVisual Series consists of portable air quality monitors that use cutting-edge laser technology to give you real-time measurements of key pollutants, including particulate matter. AirVisual Series also provides 72-hour historical and forecast data so that you can know exactly when and why your indoor air quality changes.
\nControl sources of poor indoor air quality. If you’re thinking about buying a salt lamp to purify your air, chances are that you do have air quality issues that you may be able to do something about. The first step to improving your indoor indoor air quality is source control.This means eliminating individual sources of pollution or reducing their emissions.\n\n\t
- Regularly clean your HVAC system ducts. Install a whole-house air purifier into your HVAC system to reduce indoor pollutants by up to 95%.
- Replace water-damaged areas of your home to prevent mold and dust mites.
- Keep paints, solvents, and other chemicals in well-ventilated areas.
\n\n\t
\nVentilate your home. Let in fresh air regularly to lower the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. This is especially important if you live in an airtight, energy-efficient home in which indoor pollutants have nowhere to go and thus build up to dangerous levels.\n\n\t
- Open doors and windows when outdoor air quality is good.
- Use a range hood for your stove to capture gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cooking.
\n\n\t
\nUse an air purifier with HyperHEPA technology. The IQAir HealthPro Plusis the best air purifier for even the smallest pollutant particles, removing up to 99.5% of particulates down to 0.003 microns, like viruses and ultrafine particles from vehicle exhaust. The Atempersonal air purifier can also provide pure, pollutant-free air directly into your personal breathing zone.

Sure, a salt lamp can be a nice accessory and bring some calm into your home. But there’s plenty you can do to actually keep your indoor air clean and bring yourself some peace of mind knowing that your home is a clean air sanctuary.
\n\n

","himalayan-salt-lamp-debunked","gid://shopify/Article/564925366350","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/himalayan-salt-lamp-debunked","2019-06-17T13:49:29Z",[179,162,163],"Himalayan salt lamps: Worth their salt?",{"_66":176,"_80":177,"_82":178,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269475545166","Why are Himalayan salt lamps bad for air quality?","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_HimalayanSalt_061419_750_0b979b61-4b6f-4eeb-8061-88996d52278e.jpg?v=1751543619","Air Quality",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"How can you know what air purifier manufacturers to trust? Let's look more critically at air purification.","The home air purifier market has undergone many shifts and starts in its decades-long history as an affordable solution for indoor air quality. Along with those shifts have been seemingly ground breaking advancements in filtration technologies that may seem like the next revolution in air purification. But not all air purifiers safely clean the air. Not all air purifiers safely clean the air. Let's take an evidence-based approach to the industry and separate the fact from the fiction. What should I look for in an air purifier? Before we examine the various air purifiers on the market with a critical eye, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of what does make a good air purifier. 1. HEPA filters are the standard for the industry. What is a HEPA filter? High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters capture airborne particles from moving air using a dense, random arrangement of fibers. HEPA filters use the physics of particles moving through air to yank them out of the air flow. Their operation is simple but extremely effective, and HEPA filters are now standard issue for almost every air purifier on the market. But it wasn’t always that way. Air purifiers have been around for well over a century. The first air purification systems appeared in the 1850s in charcoal-based masks used by coal miners. They were designed to keep toxic dust out of their lungs. The technology was so successful that, less than twenty years later, respirators were added to these types of masks to protect firefighters from breathing in smoke chemicals and pollutants (1). Beginning in the 1940s, the United States Atomic Energy Commission started experimenting with high-efficiency particulate arrestance, better known now as HEPA, as a method of shielding soldiers from atomic radiation on World War II battlefields (2). HEPA filters did nothing to filter radiation particles, but researchers quickly learned that HEPA filters could filter out many harmful pollutants. In 1963, Manfred and Klaus Hammes, the founders of IQAir, introduced the world’s first residential air filter based on HEPA technology, helping reduce indoor pollution as well as chronic asthma symptoms. Not long after, HEPA became so widespread that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) required that all filters sold under the name “HEPA” must filter at least 99.97% of airborne particles down to 0.3 microns (3). Since then, HEPA air purification has become the standard for the air purification industry. HEPA is now thrown around as a generic term for air filters, but HEPA filters continue to filter 99.97% of particles down to 0.3 microns. The HyperHEPA filter builds upon the HEPA model to create even more efficient filtration systems. Many manufacturers, including IQAir, have built upon the HEPA model to create even more efficient filtration systems. IQAir’s patented HyperHEPAfilter is one such filter. HyperHEPA filters remove 99.5% of particles down to 0.003 microns, which are 100 times smaller than the DOE’s required 0.3-micron particle size. 2. Not all air purifier designs are created equal. All air purifier manufacturers know that their filters need to live up to this HEPA standard. But long-standing, strict guidelines around air filters can provide a false sense of security in HEPA. To advertise an air purifier as HEPA, it only needs to contain HEPA paper, the paper used to construct a HEPA filter. Whether the air purifier’s Total System Efficiency meets HEPA requirements is another story. In fact, most HEPA air purifiers are not tested for total efficiency (4). The hidden factor at work here is leakage. Despite the high efficiency of many HEPA filters, the housing designs of many air purifiers are not airtight. This means that dirty, unfiltered air passes around the HEPA filter through tiny openings, cracks, and space around the frame of the HEPA filter itself or between the frame and the purifier housing (5). So even though many air purifiers claim that their HEPA filters remove nearly 100% of particles from the air that passes through them, they’re only telling part of the story. In some cases, the actual efficiency of the whole air purifier design, with leakage considered, is closer to 80% or less (6). Even though many air purifiers claim that their HEPA filters remove nearly 100% of particles from the air that passes through them, the actual efficiency of the whole air purifier design, with leakage considered, is closer to 80% or less. Some air purifier manufacturers have resolved this issue with designs that are built to minimize or eliminate leakage. IQAir uses patented 3D UltraSeal knife-edge-in-groove sealing between the filter frame and the purifier housing to guarantee the full efficiency of our HyperHEPA filtration media. 3. Concerned about gas and odors? Go beyond HEPA. While HyperHEPA filters are great at getting particles out of the air, they do NOT take gases and odors out of the air. Unlike particles, the molecules that comprise gases, odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not solid and will float through even the densest HyperHEPA filters. That’s where activated carbon filters come in. How do these filters work? It’s simpler than you might think: Chunks of carbon material (like charcoal) are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen. Countless pores open on the carbon surface, increasing the carbon surface area enormously. At this point, a pound of activated carbon can have the same surface area as 100 football fields. Several pounds of activated carbon are arranged in a flat “bed” and packaged in a proprietary filter design (such as IQAir’s V5 Cell gas and odor control filter). Air passes through the activated carbon bed. Gas, chemical, and VOC molecules are adsorbed into the carbon pores, meaning that they chemically bond to the extensive charcoal surface area. Activated carbon adsorption is the go-to method of filtration for gases as well as chemical pollutants from vehicle emissions and combustion processes (7)(8). Activated carbon adsorption is the go-to method of filtration for gases as well as chemical pollutants from vehicle emissions and combustion processes. Some air purifiers are designed to maximize activated carbon in case you’re more concerned about, for example, gases from cooking or odors from pets than about particle pollution in your home. IQAir’s GC MultiGas is built for such a purpose—while carbon filters generally use a few pounds of carbon, the GC MultiGas contains 12 pounds of activated carbon as well as impregnated alumina, providing well over 1200 football fields worth of surface area for gas and VOC molecules to adsorb to. The takeaway Now you know that the elements of a good air purifier are: HyperHEPA media for particle filtration No system leakage due to sealed filter and purifier housing Activated carbon for gas and odor filtration But we're not done yet. Just as important to know is what not to look for in an air purifier. What should I avoid in an air purifier? When considering air purifiers, some people wonder about their effectiveness and even potential risks. Question often arise, such as \"Do air purifiers work?\" or \"Are air purifiers effective?\" The answer is that while some air cleaning methods can remove particles and pollutants from the air, their capabilities are often limited. But it's not just about effectiveness. People also ask, \"Are air purifiers bad for you?\" This concern arises from potential hidden costs to your health. It's important to be aware of inefficiencies and any potential risks associated with the air purifier you're considering before making a purchase. So, if you're in the market for an air purifier, remember to ask yourself whether it will be effective at removing pollutants and particles from the air, and whether it poses any risks to your health. Ionizer air purifiers Ionizers are purported to purify air by sending out negatively charged ions (anions) that attract positively charged pollution particles (cations), causing them to leave the air and stick to surfaces like ceilings, walls, and furniture. Many popular air purifiers use ionization technology, also called negative ionization, as a central component of their operation. Research suggests that ionizers can help stop potentially infectious molds and bacteria from spreading in sterile environments like dental clinics and hospitals (9)(10). But there are two critical downsides to ionization (11)(12): Ionizer air purifiersdon’t get rid of pollutants. Particles charged by negative ions aren’t removed from the air—they merely stick to surfaces nearby. This includes surfaces inside your airways, such as your windpipe and alveoli, the sacs of air in your lungs. Pollutant build-up can cause heart, lung, and other respiratory conditions. Ionizer air purifierscan generate harmful ozone. Ionizers produce ozone (O3) that can build up to dangerous levels indoors. At even low levels, indoor ozone can irritate your airways, trigger asthma attacks, damage your olfactory bulb (the organ that helps your brain process odors), and even be fatal at high concentrations. Indoor ozone can irritate your airways, trigger asthma attacks, damage your olfactory bulb, and even be fatal at high concentrations. Verdict Don't buy an ionizer air purifier.They don’t remove particles from the air, and the ozone they produce can have harmful side effects, even if the purifier claims that they only charge the particles “a little bit.” Ozone Generators It’s worth saying again: ozone is TERRIBLE for you, especially indoor ozone build-up. The health concerns are serious enough that in 2017, California banned the use of ozonehome air purifiers (13). Ozone generators use a process called corona discharge to release ozone molecules into the air. When an ozone molecule intermingles with a particle or gas molecule, an ozone atom clings to the other molecule and blows it up in a process known as oxidation. Oxidation in the atmosphere after a lightning strike is also what makes the air smell so distinct after a thunderstorm. However, ozone generators do little to clean air and are quite bad for you. Here’s just a short (and far from complete) list of reasons why (14)(15)(16)(17)(18): Ozone can take years to fully clear even a small room of gases. Ozone reactions can introduce ultrafine particles (UFPs) into the air.UFPs can get into your lungs and your bloodstream, causing heart disease and even stunting lung development in children. Indoor ozone levels can rise five to ten times above recommended limits,which range from 0.05 to 0.1 parts per million (ppm), because of a lack of ventilation and in combination with outdoor ozone that seeps indoors.To put this in perspective, those who are sensitive to ozone, such as children, people with asthma, and pets, start experiencing health effects at only 0.01 ppm. Even a “safe” ozone generator that emits a small amount of ozone can quickly trigger potentially life-threatening ailments like asthma attacks. Verdict Don’t buy an ozone generator. They’re NOT air purifiers. Not only do they fail to clean your air, they hurt you and the most vulnerable in your home: your children and your pets. UV Light Purifiers Ultraviolet (UV) light is often used to disinfect equipment in hospitals and prevent the spread of harmful strains of bacteria and viruses (19)(20). One of the most common UV purification methods is called ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, or UVGI. In UVGI, intense UV lights are shined on bacteria and viruses, damaging their DNA beyond repair. Bacterial cells and viruses then shut themselves down because they can no longer function. This is called apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which effectively destroys their ability to cause infections (21). But UV air purification isn’t all it’s cracked up to be. Here’s why(22) (23) (24) (25) (26): Bacteria and viruses need to be exposed to UV light for a certain amount of timebefore they’re rendered harmless: some strains need to be treated with UV for several hours in direct UV light before they’re destroyed.Home UV air purifiers don’t shine UV light on them long enough to be genuinely useful. Some bacteria can come back to life and become infectious again even after being disinfected by UV light. UV lights do nothing for pollutant particles.Air treated with UV light can still be full of harmful particulate matter, like PM10 and PM2.5. Many UV air purifiers produce ozone. UV light can burn your skin and damage your eyes. Sure, most UV purifiers block the light from shining out of the purifier, but even brief UV exposure can cause permanent skin and eye damage as well as cancer. Air treated with UV light can still be full of harmful particulate matter. Verdict Don’t buy a UV light air purifier. UV light somewhat disinfects but doesn’t purify air, and research shows that UV’s disinfection potential for air may be exaggerated. What do I do now? At this point, you should feel like you have a good sense of what’s fact and what’s fiction when it comes to a truly effective air purification system. So, what should you do now, armed with your knowledge of what makes a good air purifier? You have a multitude of options for maximizing your indoor air quality: Get a HyperHEPA air purifier. Patented HyperHEPA filtration technology removes 99.5% of pollutant particles down to 0.003 microns, the smallest particles in existence. Use advanced gas-phase filtration. Patented V5 Cell gas and odor control filters, used in HealthPro Series air purifiers, eliminateharmful chemicals and compounds with five pounds of activated carbon. The GC MultiGas features 12 pounds of activated carbon and impregnated alumina to help protect you against indoor gases and chemicals, in addition to our powerful HyperHEPA particle filtration. Use a personal air purifier. Atem Series personal air purifiers are equipped with HyperHEPA filtration technology and a PureJet diffuser that instantly blankets you in clean air. They’re sleek, compact, and portable, allowing you to breathe virtually pure air anytime, anywhere. Install a whole-house air purifier. Your heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system at home uses outdoor air to heat and cool your home, so even with an indoor air purifier, your air still might become polluted by outdoor particulates on days with poor air quality. The PerfectPro Series whole-house air purifier is equipped with the most powerful HyperHEPA filters available for a residential air purification systems. It fits seamlessly into your existing HVAC system, ensuring that air entering your home is always up to the highest possible standard of quality. Still not sure? Read about some of the misconceptions that surround air purification technology. Use our Help Me Choose tool to see what air purifier may work best for your indoor air quality needs. The most capable air purification technology is always backed by evidence-based facts and science. When it comes to choosing the best air purifier, science has got your back.","

The home air purifier market has undergone many shifts and starts in its decades-long history as an affordable solution for indoor air quality. Along with those shifts have been seemingly ground breaking advancements in filtration technologies that may seem like the next revolution in air purification.

But not all air purifiers safely clean the air.

Not all air purifiers safely clean the air.

Let's take an evidence-based approach to the industry and separate the fact from the fiction.

What should I look for in an air purifier?

Before we examine the various air purifiers on the market with a critical eye, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of what does make a good air purifier.

$\"Air$

1. HEPA filters are the standard for the industry.

What is a HEPA filter?

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters capture airborne particles from moving air using a dense, random arrangement of fibers. HEPA filters use the physics of particles moving through air to yank them out of the air flow. Their operation is simple but extremely effective, and HEPA filters are now standard issue for almost every air purifier on the market.

But it wasn’t always that way.

Air purifiers have been around for well over a century. The first air purification systems appeared in the 1850s in charcoal-based masks used by coal miners. They were designed to keep toxic dust out of their lungs. The technology was so successful that, less than twenty years later, respirators were added to these types of masks to protect firefighters from breathing in smoke chemicals and pollutants (1).

Beginning in the 1940s, the United States Atomic Energy Commission started experimenting with high-efficiency particulate arrestance, better known now as HEPA, as a method of shielding soldiers from atomic radiation on World War II battlefields (2).

HEPA filters did nothing to filter radiation particles, but researchers quickly learned that HEPA filters could filter out many harmful pollutants.

In 1963, Manfred and Klaus Hammes, the founders of IQAir, introduced the world’s first residential air filter based on HEPA technology, helping reduce indoor pollution as well as chronic asthma symptoms. Not long after, HEPA became so widespread that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) required that all filters sold under the name “HEPA” must filter at least 99.97% of airborne particles down to 0.3 microns (3).

Since then, HEPA air purification has become the standard for the air purification industry. HEPA is now thrown around as a generic term for air filters, but HEPA filters continue to filter 99.97% of particles down to 0.3 microns.

The HyperHEPA filter builds upon the HEPA model to create even more efficient filtration systems.

Many manufacturers, including IQAir, have built upon the HEPA model to create even more efficient filtration systems. IQAir’s patented HyperHEPAfilter is one such filter. HyperHEPA filters remove 99.5% of particles down to 0.003 microns, which are 100 times smaller than the DOE’s required 0.3-micron particle size.

2. Not all air purifier designs are created equal.

All air purifier manufacturers know that their filters need to live up to this HEPA standard. But long-standing, strict guidelines around air filters can provide a false sense of security in HEPA.

To advertise an air purifier as HEPA, it only needs to contain HEPA paper, the paper used to construct a HEPA filter. Whether the air purifier’s Total System Efficiency meets HEPA requirements is another story. In fact, most HEPA air purifiers are not tested for total efficiency (4).

The hidden factor at work here is leakage. Despite the high efficiency of many HEPA filters, the housing designs of many air purifiers are not airtight. This means that dirty, unfiltered air passes around the HEPA filter through tiny openings, cracks, and space around the frame of the HEPA filter itself or between the frame and the purifier housing (5).

So even though many air purifiers claim that their HEPA filters remove nearly 100% of particles from the air that passes through them, they’re only telling part of the story. In some cases, the actual efficiency of the whole air purifier design, with leakage considered, is closer to 80% or less (6).

Even though many air purifiers claim that their HEPA filters remove nearly 100% of particles from the air that passes through them, the actual efficiency of the whole air purifier design, with leakage considered, is closer to 80% or less.

Some air purifier manufacturers have resolved this issue with designs that are built to minimize or eliminate leakage. IQAir uses patented 3D UltraSeal knife-edge-in-groove sealing between the filter frame and the purifier housing to guarantee the full efficiency of our HyperHEPA filtration media.

3. Concerned about gas and odors? Go beyond HEPA.

While HyperHEPA filters are great at getting particles out of the air, they do NOT take gases and odors out of the air.

Unlike particles, the molecules that comprise gases, odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not solid and will float through even the densest HyperHEPA filters. That’s where activated carbon filters come in.

How do these filters work? It’s simpler than you might think:

Chunks of carbon material (like charcoal) are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen.
Countless pores open on the carbon surface, increasing the carbon surface area enormously. At this point, a pound of activated carbon can have the same surface area as 100 football fields.
Several pounds of activated carbon are arranged in a flat “bed” and packaged in a proprietary filter design (such as IQAir’s V5 Cell gas and odor control filter).
Air passes through the activated carbon bed.
Gas, chemical, and VOC molecules are adsorbed into the carbon pores, meaning that they chemically bond to the extensive charcoal surface area.

Activated carbon adsorption is the go-to method of filtration for gases as well as chemical pollutants from vehicle emissions and combustion processes (7)(8).

Activated carbon adsorption is the go-to method of filtration for gases as well as chemical pollutants from vehicle emissions and combustion processes.

Some air purifiers are designed to maximize activated carbon in case you’re more concerned about, for example, gases from cooking or odors from pets than about particle pollution in your home. IQAir’s GC MultiGas is built for such a purpose—while carbon filters generally use a few pounds of carbon, the GC MultiGas contains 12 pounds of activated carbon as well as impregnated alumina, providing well over 1200 football fields worth of surface area for gas and VOC molecules to adsorb to.

The takeaway

Now you know that the elements of a good air purifier are:

\nHyperHEPA media for particle filtration
\nNo system leakage due to sealed filter and purifier housing
\nActivated carbon for gas and odor filtration

But we're not done yet. Just as important to know is what not to look for in an air purifier.

What should I avoid in an air purifier?

When considering air purifiers, some people wonder about their effectiveness and even potential risks. Question often arise, such as \"Do air purifiers work?\" or \"Are air purifiers effective?\" The answer is that while some air cleaning methods can remove particles and pollutants from the air, their capabilities are often limited.

But it's not just about effectiveness. People also ask, \"Are air purifiers bad for you?\" This concern arises from potential hidden costs to your health. It's important to be aware of inefficiencies and any potential risks associated with the air purifier you're considering before making a purchase.

So, if you're in the market for an air purifier, remember to ask yourself whether it will be effective at removing pollutants and particles from the air, and whether it poses any risks to your health.

Ionizer air purifiers

Ionizers are purported to purify air by sending out negatively charged ions (anions) that attract positively charged pollution particles (cations), causing them to leave the air and stick to surfaces like ceilings, walls, and furniture.

Many popular air purifiers use ionization technology, also called negative ionization, as a central component of their operation. Research suggests that ionizers can help stop potentially infectious molds and bacteria from spreading in sterile environments like dental clinics and hospitals (9)(10).

But there are two critical downsides to ionization (11)(12):

\nIonizer air purifiersdon’t get rid of pollutants. Particles charged by negative ions aren’t removed from the air—they merely stick to surfaces nearby. This includes surfaces inside your airways, such as your windpipe and alveoli, the sacs of air in your lungs. Pollutant build-up can cause heart, lung, and other respiratory conditions.
\nIonizer air purifierscan generate harmful ozone. Ionizers produce ozone (O3) that can build up to dangerous levels indoors. At even low levels, indoor ozone can irritate your airways, trigger asthma attacks, damage your olfactory bulb (the organ that helps your brain process odors), and even be fatal at high concentrations. \n

Indoor ozone can irritate your airways, trigger asthma attacks, damage your olfactory bulb, and even be fatal at high concentrations.

Verdict

Don't buy an ionizer air purifier.They don’t remove particles from the air, and the ozone they produce can have harmful side effects, even if the purifier claims that they only charge the particles “a little bit.”

Ozone Generators

It’s worth saying again: ozone is TERRIBLE for you, especially indoor ozone build-up. The health concerns are serious enough that in 2017, California banned the use of ozonehome air purifiers (13).

Ozone generators use a process called corona discharge to release ozone molecules into the air. When an ozone molecule intermingles with a particle or gas molecule, an ozone atom clings to the other molecule and blows it up in a process known as oxidation. Oxidation in the atmosphere after a lightning strike is also what makes the air smell so distinct after a thunderstorm.

However, ozone generators do little to clean air and are quite bad for you. Here’s just a short (and far from complete) list of reasons why (14)(15)(16)(17)(18):

\nOzone can take years to fully clear even a small room of gases.
\nOzone reactions can introduce ultrafine particles (UFPs) into the air.UFPs can get into your lungs and your bloodstream, causing heart disease and even stunting lung development in children.
\nIndoor ozone levels can rise five to ten times above recommended limits,which range from 0.05 to 0.1 parts per million (ppm), because of a lack of ventilation and in combination with outdoor ozone that seeps indoors.To put this in perspective, those who are sensitive to ozone, such as children, people with asthma, and pets, start experiencing health effects at only 0.01 ppm. Even a “safe” ozone generator that emits a small amount of ozone can quickly trigger potentially life-threatening ailments like asthma attacks.

Verdict

Don’t buy an ozone generator. They’re NOT air purifiers. Not only do they fail to clean your air, they hurt you and the most vulnerable in your home: your children and your pets.

UV Light Purifiers

Ultraviolet (UV) light is often used to disinfect equipment in hospitals and prevent the spread of harmful strains of bacteria and viruses (19)(20).

One of the most common UV purification methods is called ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, or UVGI.

In UVGI, intense UV lights are shined on bacteria and viruses, damaging their DNA beyond repair. Bacterial cells and viruses then shut themselves down because they can no longer function. This is called apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which effectively destroys their ability to cause infections (21).

But UV air purification isn’t all it’s cracked up to be. Here’s why(22) (23) (24) (25) (26):

\nBacteria and viruses need to be exposed to UV light for a certain amount of timebefore they’re rendered harmless: some strains need to be treated with UV for several hours in direct UV light before they’re destroyed.Home UV air purifiers don’t shine UV light on them long enough to be genuinely useful.
\nSome bacteria can come back to life and become infectious again even after being disinfected by UV light.
\nUV lights do nothing for pollutant particles.Air treated with UV light can still be full of harmful particulate matter, like PM10 and PM2.5.
Many UV air purifiers produce ozone.
\nUV light can burn your skin and damage your eyes. Sure, most UV purifiers block the light from shining out of the purifier, but even brief UV exposure can cause permanent skin and eye damage as well as cancer.

Air treated with UV light can still be full of harmful particulate matter.

Verdict

Don’t buy a UV light air purifier. UV light somewhat disinfects but doesn’t purify air, and research shows that UV’s disinfection potential for air may be exaggerated.

What do I do now?

At this point, you should feel like you have a good sense of what’s fact and what’s fiction when it comes to a truly effective air purification system.

So, what should you do now, armed with your knowledge of what makes a good air purifier? You have a multitude of options for maximizing your indoor air quality:

\nGet a HyperHEPA air purifier. Patented HyperHEPA filtration technology removes 99.5% of pollutant particles down to 0.003 microns, the smallest particles in existence.
\nUse advanced gas-phase filtration.\n
- Patented V5 Cell gas and odor control filters, used in HealthPro Series air purifiers, eliminateharmful chemicals and compounds with five pounds of activated carbon.
- The GC MultiGas features 12 pounds of activated carbon and impregnated alumina to help protect you against indoor gases and chemicals, in addition to our powerful HyperHEPA particle filtration.
\n
\nUse a personal air purifier. Atem Series personal air purifiers are equipped with HyperHEPA filtration technology and a PureJet diffuser that instantly blankets you in clean air. They’re sleek, compact, and portable, allowing you to breathe virtually pure air anytime, anywhere.
\nInstall a whole-house air purifier. Your heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system at home uses outdoor air to heat and cool your home, so even with an indoor air purifier, your air still might become polluted by outdoor particulates on days with poor air quality. The PerfectPro Series whole-house air purifier is equipped with the most powerful HyperHEPA filters available for a residential air purification systems. It fits seamlessly into your existing HVAC system, ensuring that air entering your home is always up to the highest possible standard of quality.

Still not sure? Read about some of the misconceptions that surround air purification technology. Use our Help Me Choose tool to see what air purifier may work best for your indoor air quality needs.

The most capable air purification technology is always backed by evidence-based facts and science. When it comes to choosing the best air purifier, science has got your back.

","do-air-purifiers-work-air-purifier-myths-and-facts-debunked","gid://shopify/Article/564925431886","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/do-air-purifiers-work-air-purifier-myths-and-facts-debunked","2022-01-02T14:14:32Z",[195,162,163],"Do air purifiers work? Air purifier myths and facts debunked",{"_66":192,"_80":193,"_82":194,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/270220755022","Close-up of what appears to be a room air purifier with some plants in the background (another indoor air purifying tool that has been shown to be ineffective in improving indoor air quality).","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_misconceptions-about-air-purifiers_993189ad-b0e5-4283-84af-8cf2c530fc4d.jpg?v=1758212556","Air Cleaning Technology",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn why wildfire smoke poses a health risk to people living far downwind and what you can do to help protect yourself.","When considering the dangers of wildfires, thoughts of fleeing your home while a raging wildfire rapidly approaches can easily consume your imagination. However, the number one cause of death from fires is smoke inhalation. The primary cause of death from wildfires is smoke inhalation. 50 to 80 percent of fire deaths are from smoke inhalation. Inhaling smoke damages your body in one or both of the following ways: by robbing it of oxygen through particulate matter irritation Smoke inhalation is particularly dangerous because you may not show symptoms until 24 to 48 hours after exposure. 50–80 percent of fire deaths are from smoke inhalation.1 Read on to learn how to help protect the health of yourself and your loved ones, and learn some wildfire smoke safety tips to rest assured that you’ve taken the necessary wildfire safety precautions to reduce the consequences of toxic wildfire smoke. What’s in wildfire smoke? Wildfire smoke is a mixture of thousands of individual compounds, including harmful particles and gases that pose a severe health risk to anyone (including pets) nearby and downwind from a fire. Wildfire smoke often contains: water vapor particulate matter trace minerals carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide compounds that contribute to elevated ozone (O3) levels volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including acrolein and formaldehyde (potent respiratory irritants) Wildfire smoke often contains fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles that can be absorbed directly into your blood stream and reach any organ or area of your body. Pictured: The typical contents of wildfire smoke, including ultrafine particles (≤ 0.3 microns), PM2.5 (2.5-10 microns), acrolein, PM10 (> 10 microns), formaldehyde, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Source: IQAir Wildfire smoke composition depends upon multiple factors, including: the types of wood and vegetation burning the moisture content the fire temperature wind conditions other weather-related influences The primary pollutant threatening the health of those nearby and downwind of a wildfire is particulate matter. Wildfire smoke often contains fine (or PM2.5) and ultrafine particles. These tiny airborne particles are the most dangerous to your health. Fine particles (smaller than 2.5 microns) penetrate deeply into your lungs. The most dangerous are ultrafine particles (smaller than 0.1 microns), which represent 90% of all airborne particles. These particles are tiny and can be absorbed directly into your bloodstream. Once in your blood, they can reach any organ or area of your body. Clean the air with high-performance air filtration Learn more about our wildfire smoke air purifiers Click here Wildfire smoke and at-risk populations Most healthy adults will recover from smoke exposure. However, certain individuals are more at risk for severe health consequences, including:2 Young children. Children whose lungs are still developing are considered more vulnerable, regardless of whether they have a pre-existing condition. Pregnant women. Wildfire smoke inhalation puts pregnant women and their unborn children at a higher risk than the general population. Older adults. This population is at-risk due to an increased rate of pre-existing heart and lung disease. Anyone with a respiratory disease. Individuals with emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD, asthma, or another respiratory disease are at-risk. Individuals with heart disease. Circulatory diseases include high blood pressure, vascular diseases, heart failure, and cerebrovascular conditions. These conditions make sufferers susceptible to heart attacks, transient chest pain, heart failure, stroke, and sudden death from cardiac arrhythmia. Young children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with respiratory and cardiovascular pre-existing conditions may find that they experience more severe symptoms and find it harder to breathe.3 The full impact of wildfire smoke is not yet fully understood. A 2017 review in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology found that there are still important study opportunities for exploring the long-term health implications of smoke exposure, smoke exposure recovery, and additional smoke inhalation health impacts for children.4 Exposure to smoke can be dangerous simply due to the microorganisms within the smoke. A 2020 study in Science magazine noted that microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungal spores, comprise some of the particulate matter found in smoke.5 The study theorizes that infectious disease may be spread as bacteria and fungi become part of smoke’s particulate composition. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungal spores, comprise some of the particulate matter found in smoke, and infectious disease may be spread as they become part of the smoke’s particulate composition. How wildfire smoke behaves Many factors affect wildfire smoke behavior, such as: weather geographical terrain the stage of the fire wind Use the live, interactive air quality map below to see how weather, wind, and location can impact the behavior of wildfire smoke near you. Windy conditions generally cause smoke to mix with larger volumes of air to lower smoke concentrations. However, strong winds also can spread fires more quickly, causing larger fires with greater impact. Regional weather can be the dominant determinant in how a fire behaves as well as how smoke affects surrounding areas. However, regional weather systems can spread fires quickly and result in larger fires with more smoke generated, creating the potential for even greater impacts. Strong regional weather systems can also dominate a fire’s behavior for days and be the determining factor of where and how smoke will affect an area. Smoke can travel for miles beyond its source. In 2020, smoke from wildfires in the Western United States drifted for nearly 5,000 miles, eventually being detected in Europe. Smoke can travel for miles beyond its source. In 2020, smoke from wildfires in the western United States drifted for nearly 5,000 miles, eventually being detected in Europe.6 Wildfire safety tips Wildfire smoke events can occur seemingly without warning. But there are steps you can take to prepare yourself using appropriate safety precautions for wildfires. Keep the air clean in your home. Keep windows and doors closed closed and seal off any openings to the outside, including vents, to help prevent outdoor smoke from getting in. When using an air conditioner, be sure to set it to re-circulate and close the fresh-air intake. Filter the air when ventilating the space. An air purifier for wildfire smoke, will help remove smoke particles of all sizes down to 0.003 microns from the indoor air and help control ozone levels. This is critical if you live in an urban area downwind (even remotely) from wildfires. Stay indoors as much as possible. This tactic is most useful in buildings that effectively stop outdoor air from getting inside. If you need to travel by car to leave or evacuate an area affected by wildfire smoke, use a car air purifier to help keep your vehicle interior air clean as you pass through smoky or polluted areas. You can also use a portable, personal air purifier to access clean air where other air filtration systems are not available. Wear a mask outdoors. Only use an air pollution mask with an N95, KN95, N100, or FFP2 rating to help. Avoid activities that further pollute the indoor air. Avoid burning candles, using the fireplace, or even vacuuming unless you own a high-performance HEPA vacuum cleaner. All of these activities can otherwise become additional sources of indoor air pollutants. Monitor your indoor air quality. Use an air quality monitor to track levels of indoor pollutants like PM2.5 and CO2 from smoke and other indoor pollution sources. Take action if indoor air pollutants rise to dangerous levels by running an air purifier, circulating fresh air through your HVAC system, or leaving your home temporarily if indoor air becomes unsafe to breathe or your home is threatened by wildfire. Use an air quality monitoring app to keep track of pollutants in your environment. The AirVisual app displays real-time hyperlocal data from over 80,000 sensors around the world. The app also tracks up to six key wildfire pollutants, such as PM2.5, CO2, and NO2, so that you have the best picture of your local air quality during a wildfire and can take action to help protect your health. Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. Wildfire smoke can negatively affect your health, even if you’re far away from the actual fire. Learn to protect the health of yourself and your family, and rest assured that you’ve taken the necessary precautions. During a wildfire, it’s also important to monitor your local air quality to see how wildfire smoke will affect your outdoor air. The takeaway Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. Wildfire smoke can negatively affect your health, even if you’re far away from the actual fire. And while wildfire smoke may be a warning sign of imminent fires, smoke also delivers its own set of risks for people living miles beyond the source. Though smoke pollutants carried on the wind may be invisible, their impacts are felt by those most at risk. Smoke pollutants pose health threats that range from irritation and cough to more serious respiratory and cardiac risks. By helping control smoke pollutants that threaten our indoor air quality through monitoring and air purification, it's possible to help manage wildfire smoke health risks.","

When considering the dangers of wildfires, thoughts of fleeing your home while a raging wildfire rapidly approaches can easily consume your imagination. However, the number one cause of death from fires is smoke inhalation.

The primary cause of death from wildfires is smoke inhalation. 50 to 80 percent of fire deaths are from smoke inhalation.

Inhaling smoke damages your body in one or both of the following ways:

by robbing it of oxygen
through particulate matter irritation

Smoke inhalation is particularly dangerous because you may not show symptoms until 24 to 48 hours after exposure. 50–80 percent of fire deaths are from smoke inhalation.¹

Read on to learn how to help protect the health of yourself and your loved ones, and learn some wildfire smoke safety tips to rest assured that you’ve taken the necessary wildfire safety precautions to reduce the consequences of toxic wildfire smoke.

What’s in wildfire smoke?

Wildfire smoke is a mixture of thousands of individual compounds, including harmful particles and gases that pose a severe health risk to anyone (including pets) nearby and downwind from a fire.

Wildfire smoke often contains:

\n
water vapor
\n
\n
particulate matter
\n
\n
trace minerals
\n
\n
carbon dioxide
\n
\n
carbon monoxide
\n
\n
nitrogen oxides
\n
\n
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide compounds that contribute to elevated ozone (O₃) levels
\n
\n
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including acrolein and formaldehyde (potent respiratory irritants)
\n

Wildfire smoke often contains fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles that can be absorbed directly into your blood stream and reach any organ or area of your body.

$\"What's$

Pictured: The typical contents of wildfire smoke, including ultrafine particles (≤ 0.3 microns), PM2.5 (2.5-10 microns), acrolein, PM10 (> 10 microns), formaldehyde, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Source: IQAir

Wildfire smoke composition depends upon multiple factors, including:

\n
the types of wood and vegetation burning
\n

\n
the moisture content
\n
\n
the fire temperature
\n
\n
wind conditions
\n
\n
other weather-related influences
\n

The primary pollutant threatening the health of those nearby and downwind of a wildfire is particulate matter. Wildfire smoke often contains fine (or PM2.5) and ultrafine particles. These tiny airborne particles are the most dangerous to your health.

Fine particles (smaller than 2.5 microns) penetrate deeply into your lungs.

The most dangerous are ultrafine particles (smaller than 0.1 microns), which represent 90% of all airborne particles. These particles are tiny and can be absorbed directly into your bloodstream. Once in your blood, they can reach any organ or area of your body.

Clean the air with high-performance air filtration
Learn more about our wildfire smoke air purifiers

Click here

Wildfire smoke and at-risk populations

Most healthy adults will recover from smoke exposure. However, certain individuals are more at risk for severe health consequences, including:²

\n
Young children. Children whose lungs are still developing are considered more vulnerable, regardless of whether they have a pre-existing condition.
\n
\n
Pregnant women. Wildfire smoke inhalation puts pregnant women and their unborn children at a higher risk than the general population.
\n
\n
Older adults. This population is at-risk due to an increased rate of pre-existing heart and lung disease.
\n
\n
Anyone with a respiratory disease. Individuals with emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD, asthma, or another respiratory disease are at-risk.
\n
\n
Individuals with heart disease. Circulatory diseases include high blood pressure, vascular diseases, heart failure, and cerebrovascular conditions. These conditions make sufferers susceptible to heart attacks, transient chest pain, heart failure, stroke, and sudden death from cardiac arrhythmia.
\n

Young children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with respiratory and cardiovascular pre-existing conditions may find that they experience more severe symptoms and find it harder to breathe.³

The full impact of wildfire smoke is not yet fully understood. A 2017 review in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology found that there are still important study opportunities for exploring the long-term health implications of smoke exposure, smoke exposure recovery, and additional smoke inhalation health impacts for children.⁴

Exposure to smoke can be dangerous simply due to the microorganisms within the smoke. A 2020 study in Science magazine noted that microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungal spores, comprise some of the particulate matter found in smoke.⁵ The study theorizes that infectious disease may be spread as bacteria and fungi become part of smoke’s particulate composition.

 Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungal spores, comprise some of the particulate matter found in smoke, and infectious disease may be spread as they become part of the smoke’s particulate composition.

How wildfire smoke behaves

Many factors affect wildfire smoke behavior, such as:

\n
weather
\n
\n
geographical terrain
\n
\n
the stage of the fire
\n
\n
wind
\n

Use the live, interactive air quality map below to see how weather, wind, and location can impact the behavior of wildfire smoke near you.

$\"placeholder$

Windy conditions generally cause smoke to mix with larger volumes of air to lower smoke concentrations. However, strong winds also can spread fires more quickly, causing larger fires with greater impact.

Regional weather can be the dominant determinant in how a fire behaves as well as how smoke affects surrounding areas. However, regional weather systems can spread fires quickly and result in larger fires with more smoke generated, creating the potential for even greater impacts.

Strong regional weather systems can also dominate a fire’s behavior for days and be the determining factor of where and how smoke will affect an area.

Smoke can travel for miles beyond its source. In 2020, smoke from wildfires in the Western United States drifted for nearly 5,000 miles, eventually being detected in Europe.

Smoke can travel for miles beyond its source. In 2020, smoke from wildfires in the western United States drifted for nearly 5,000 miles, eventually being detected in Europe.⁶

Wildfire safety tips

Wildfire smoke events can occur seemingly without warning. But there are steps you can take to prepare yourself using appropriate safety precautions for wildfires.

\n
Keep the air clean in your home. Keep windows and doors closed closed and seal off any openings to the outside, including vents, to help prevent outdoor smoke from getting in. When using an air conditioner, be sure to set it to re-circulate and close the fresh-air intake. Filter the air when ventilating the space. An air purifier for wildfire smoke, will help remove smoke particles of all sizes down to 0.003 microns from the indoor air and help control ozone levels. This is critical if you live in an urban area downwind (even remotely) from wildfires.
\n
\n
Stay indoors as much as possible. This tactic is most useful in buildings that effectively stop outdoor air from getting inside. If you need to travel by car to leave or evacuate an area affected by wildfire smoke, use a car air purifier to help keep your vehicle interior air clean as you pass through smoky or polluted areas. You can also use a portable, personal air purifier to access clean air where other air filtration systems are not available.
\n
\n
Wear a mask outdoors. Only use an air pollution mask with an N95, KN95, N100, or FFP2 rating to help.
\n
\n
Avoid activities that further pollute the indoor air. Avoid burning candles, using the fireplace, or even vacuuming unless you own a high-performance HEPA vacuum cleaner. All of these activities can otherwise become additional sources of indoor air pollutants.
\n
\n
Monitor your indoor air quality. Use an air quality monitor to track levels of indoor pollutants like PM2.5 and CO₂ from smoke and other indoor pollution sources. Take action if indoor air pollutants rise to dangerous levels by running an air purifier, circulating fresh air through your HVAC system, or leaving your home temporarily if indoor air becomes unsafe to breathe or your home is threatened by wildfire.
\n
\n
Use an air quality monitoring app to keep track of pollutants in your environment. The AirVisual app displays real-time hyperlocal data from over 80,000 sensors around the world. The app also tracks up to six key wildfire pollutants, such as PM2.5, CO₂, and NO₂, so that you have the best picture of your local air quality during a wildfire and can take action to help protect your health.
\n

$\"Google$ $\"App$ $\"Android\"$

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. Wildfire smoke can negatively affect your health, even if you’re far away from the actual fire. Learn to protect the health of yourself and your family, and rest assured that you’ve taken the necessary precautions.

During a wildfire, it’s also important to monitor your local air quality to see how wildfire smoke will affect your outdoor air.

The takeaway

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. Wildfire smoke can negatively affect your health, even if you’re far away from the actual fire. And while wildfire smoke may be a warning sign of imminent fires, smoke also delivers its own set of risks for people living miles beyond the source.

Though smoke pollutants carried on the wind may be invisible, their impacts are felt by those most at risk. Smoke pollutants pose health threats that range from irritation and cough to more serious respiratory and cardiac risks.

By helping control smoke pollutants that threaten our indoor air quality through monitoring and air purification, it's possible to help manage wildfire smoke health risks.

","how-to-protect-yourself-from-wildfire-smoke","gid://shopify/Article/564925399118","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/how-to-protect-yourself-from-wildfire-smoke","2022-12-29T21:46:38Z",[179,211,163,212],"How to protect yourself from wildfire smoke",{"_66":208,"_80":209,"_82":210,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273488543822","Wildfire at night in hills","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_21_WildfireDesktop_a_a8a07ca3-c3c0-4315-854e-f2a5aa9b0f22.jpg?v=1779917272","Climate","Wildfires",{"_51":52,"_53":296,"_11":297,"_56":298,"_58":299,"_60":300,"_62":301,"_64":302,"_66":303,"_68":304,"_70":-5,"_71":305,"_73":306,"_75":307,"_77":308},{"_51":52,"_53":281,"_11":282,"_56":283,"_58":284,"_60":285,"_62":286,"_64":287,"_66":288,"_68":289,"_70":-5,"_71":290,"_73":291,"_75":292,"_77":293},{"_51":52,"_53":266,"_11":267,"_56":268,"_58":269,"_60":270,"_62":271,"_64":272,"_66":273,"_68":274,"_70":-5,"_71":275,"_73":276,"_75":277,"_77":278},{"_51":52,"_53":251,"_11":252,"_56":253,"_58":254,"_60":255,"_62":256,"_64":257,"_66":258,"_68":259,"_70":-5,"_71":260,"_73":261,"_75":262,"_77":263},{"_51":52,"_53":236,"_11":237,"_56":238,"_58":239,"_60":240,"_62":241,"_64":242,"_66":243,"_68":244,"_70":-5,"_71":245,"_73":246,"_75":247,"_77":248},{"_51":52,"_53":219,"_11":220,"_56":221,"_58":222,"_60":223,"_62":224,"_64":225,"_66":226,"_68":227,"_70":-5,"_71":228,"_73":229,"_75":230,"_77":231},{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Find out more about the Bain Fire in California and how it is affecting air quality in Riverside County.","

Find out more about the Bain Fire in California and how it is affecting air quality in Riverside County.

","What is the name and location of the wildfire? As of May 30, 2026, the Bain Fire was active along the Santa Ana River Bottom off Limonite Avenue and Bain Street in the Mira Loma neighborhood of Jurupa Valley, Riverside County, California (1). Which cities or areas are affected by the wildfire? Cities affected by the wildfire included: Jurupa Valley Norco Riverside Wildfire smoke also affected air quality in many neighboring cities in Southern California. What is the current containment status of the wildfire? As of May 30, 2026, the Bain Fire had burned 1,497.1 acres and reached 100% containment (3). Are there any evacuation orders or alerts in place? All evacuation orders, evacuation warnings, and related alerts have since been lifted following full containment of the fire. How can I protect myself from wildfire smoke? Always plan ahead to protect yourself from wildfire smoke. Get a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts. Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode. Run a high-performance air purifier to filter wildfire smoke. Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data. Stay indoors; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask. On May 30, 2026, this fire was 100% contained.","

What is the name and location of the wildfire?

As of May 30, 2026, the Bain Fire was active along the Santa Ana River Bottom off Limonite Avenue and Bain Street in the Mira Loma neighborhood of Jurupa Valley, Riverside County, California (1).

Which cities or areas are affected by the wildfire?

Cities affected by the wildfire included:

Wildfire smoke also affected air quality in many neighboring cities in Southern California.

What is the current containment status of the wildfire?

As of May 30, 2026, the Bain Fire had burned 1,497.1 acres and reached 100% containment (3).

Are there any evacuation orders or alerts in place?

All evacuation orders, evacuation warnings, and related alerts have since been lifted following full containment of the fire.

How can I protect myself from wildfire smoke?

Always plan ahead to protect yourself from wildfire smoke.

\nGet a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts.
Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode.
Run a high-performance air purifier to filter wildfire smoke.
Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data.
Stay indoors; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask.\n

On May 30, 2026, this fire was 100% contained.

","wildfire-map-spotlight-bain-fire-california","gid://shopify/Article/641591050318","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/wildfire-map-spotlight-bain-fire-california","2026-05-30T08:54:08Z",[179,211,212],"Wildfire map spotlight: Bain Fire, California",{"_66":232,"_80":-5,"_82":233,"_84":234,"_86":235},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273547788366","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/Wildfire11Desktop_2d92157a-aa94-4b4b-bba7-30d4a10ad2b5.jpg?v=1780328733",839,674,{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Johannesburg's air quality is deteriorating as winter sets in, with coal-fired power plants, domestic burning, and industrial emissions contributing to unhealthy conditions. Learn more about the causes, affected areas, and expected changes.","

Johannesburg's air quality is deteriorating as winter sets in, with coal-fired power plants, domestic burning, and industrial emissions contributing to unhealthy conditions. Learn more about the causes, affected areas, and expected changes.

","Is the air quality good in Johannesburg? As of May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time, GMT+2), air quality in Johannesburg, South Africa, is poor, with the AQI at 170, classified as \"unhealthy,\" with PM2.5 as the dominant pollutant. Johannesburg ranks as the most polluted major city in the world at this hour. These conditions pose serious health risks, particularly for children, the elderly, and those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. The annual average PM2.5 concentration in Johannesburg for 2025 was 17.1 µg/m³, corresponding to an AQI of 66, classified as \"moderate\" and 3.42 times higher than the WHO annual guideline of 5 µg/m³. Today's readings are significantly above that annual average, reflecting an acute winter pollution episode. For a complete, real-time view of current pollution levels, see Johannesburg's air quality map. Johannesburg, South Africa, ranked among the most polluted major cities globally, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir. Air quality map of Johannesburg, South Africa, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir. When will the air quality improve in Johannesburg? The southern hemisphere winter, running from June through August, typically sees much higher pollution levels than the rest of the year, as weather conditions in winter are far more prone to smog formation with less sunlight, less vertical mixing, and pollutants accumulating near the ground. Meaningful relief is unlikely until spring brings warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and improved atmospheric mixing from September onwards (1). Hourly air quality forecast for Johannesburg, South Africa, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir. What is causing poor air quality in Johannesburg? Johannesburg's unique topography on the Highveld escarpment, combined with high pressure systems, results in calm conditions with minimal wind, causing air pollution to become trapped over the city. The Johannesburg-Pretoria urban area sits in close proximity to the most industrialized region of South Africa, where coal mining, coal-fired power stations, and energy-intensive petrochemical, chemical, and steel industries generate significant pollutant loads (2). In winter, emissions increase as people burn wood and coal for cooking and heating, there are more grass and veld fires, and conditions are dry and dusty, causing air to recirculate over the region and accumulate pollution. The main sources are coal-fired power stations, industries, vehicles, prescribed burning, solid fuels for cooking and heating, and waste burning. High PM2.5 levels correlate with elevated SO2 and NO2, indicating that coal and fossil fuel combustion from power plants and industry, rather than open fires alone, are the primary drivers of the most severe pollution episodes (3). How can I protect myself from poor air quality? Get a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts. Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode. Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data. Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask. Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.","

Is the air quality good in Johannesburg?

As of May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time, GMT+2), air quality in Johannesburg, South Africa, is poor, with the AQI at 170, classified as \"unhealthy,\" with PM2.5 as the dominant pollutant.

Johannesburg ranks as the most polluted major city in the world at this hour. These conditions pose serious health risks, particularly for children, the elderly, and those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions.

The annual average PM2.5 concentration in Johannesburg for 2025 was 17.1 µg/m³, corresponding to an AQI of 66, classified as \"moderate\" and 3.42 times higher than the WHO annual guideline of 5 µg/m³.

Today's readings are significantly above that annual average, reflecting an acute winter pollution episode.

For a complete, real-time view of current pollution levels, see Johannesburg's air quality map.

$\"\"$ Johannesburg, South Africa, ranked among the most polluted major cities globally, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir.

$\"\"$ Air quality map of Johannesburg, South Africa, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir.

When will the air quality improve in Johannesburg?

The southern hemisphere winter, running from June through August, typically sees much higher pollution levels than the rest of the year, as weather conditions in winter are far more prone to smog formation with less sunlight, less vertical mixing, and pollutants accumulating near the ground.

Meaningful relief is unlikely until spring brings warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and improved atmospheric mixing from September onwards (1).

$\"\"$ Hourly air quality forecast for Johannesburg, South Africa, on May 31, 2026, at 9:30 AM (local time). Source: IQAir.

What is causing poor air quality in Johannesburg?

Johannesburg's unique topography on the Highveld escarpment, combined with high pressure systems, results in calm conditions with minimal wind, causing air pollution to become trapped over the city.

The Johannesburg-Pretoria urban area sits in close proximity to the most industrialized region of South Africa, where coal mining, coal-fired power stations, and energy-intensive petrochemical, chemical, and steel industries generate significant pollutant loads (2).

In winter, emissions increase as people burn wood and coal for cooking and heating, there are more grass and veld fires, and conditions are dry and dusty, causing air to recirculate over the region and accumulate pollution.

The main sources are coal-fired power stations, industries, vehicles, prescribed burning, solid fuels for cooking and heating, and waste burning. High PM2.5 levels correlate with elevated SO2 and NO2, indicating that coal and fossil fuel combustion from power plants and industry, rather than open fires alone, are the primary drivers of the most severe pollution episodes (3).

How can I protect myself from poor air quality?

\nGet a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts.
Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode.
Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data.
Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask.\n
Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.

","johannesburg-among-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-5-31-2026","gid://shopify/Article/641649442894","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/johannesburg-among-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-5-31-2026","2026-05-31T09:30:06Z",[179,211],"May 31, 2026: Johannesburg among top 10 most polluted cities in the world",{"_66":249,"_80":-5,"_82":250,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273537531982","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/JohannesburgDesktop_b72afcd7-f84d-48a1-8bb3-2d3819a73578.jpg?v=1780219813",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Find out more about the Saharan dust plume affecting parts of the Caribbean, Florida, and surrounding regions, including air quality impacts and public health guidance.","

Find out more about the Saharan dust plume affecting parts of the Caribbean, Florida, and surrounding regions, including air quality impacts and public health guidance.

","What is the location of the dust storm? As of May 31, 2026, a large Saharan dust plume, known as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), is moving westward from the Sahara Desert in North Africa across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Caribbean, affecting air quality across parts of the region. The dust plume has reached the Cayman Islands and is affecting parts of Jamaica while extending across portions of the Caribbean Sea. Additional impacts are expected across Puerto Rico, the Windward Islands, and portions of Florida, particularly South Florida and Key West (1). In Colombia, minor concentrations have been detected along the Colombian Caribbean coast and near the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (2). The event is part of a recurring seasonal atmospheric phenomenon that transports mineral-rich dust thousands of miles across the Atlantic. Which cities or areas are affected by the dust storm? The cities and areas affected by the Saharan dust plume include: Bahamas Cayman Islands Colombian Caribbean coast Florida Gulf region Jamaica Key West, Florida Puerto Rico San Andrés Santa Catalina South Florida Providencia Windward Islands In Colombia, impacts are expected mainly across northern Caribbean areas including Magdalena, Bolívar, Sucre, and Córdoba, as well as sectors of the San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina archipelago (3). How long will the dust storm last? Current forecasts indicate that the Saharan dust plume will remain over portions of the Caribbean through the weekend and into early next week. Puerto Rico is expected to experience a denser plume on June 1 and June 2. Forecasters are also monitoring an additional dust plume that could reach the Cayman Islands around Tuesday evening, which may prolong air quality impacts into the following week. Multiple Saharan dust outbreaks are expected to continue moving across the Caribbean at intervals of approximately five to seven days into early June (4). Are there any alerts in place? Several public health advisories and air quality alerts have been issued across affected regions. In Jamaica, the Ministry of Health and Wellness has urged residents to limit exposure to Saharan dust due to increased risks of respiratory illness, allergies, skin irritation, and eye irritation. Residents with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other respiratory conditions have been advised to remain indoors when possible and use protective measures when outdoors (5). In Puerto Rico, weather officials have warned that sensitive groups, including people with respiratory conditions, may experience health effects as dust concentrations increase, particularly during June 1 and June 2. In the Cayman Islands, health guidance recommends reducing strenuous outdoor activity, keeping windows closed, wearing masks outdoors when necessary, and using air purifiers indoors, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions. No evacuation orders or evacuation centers have been reported in connection with this Saharan dust event. Current alerts focus on air quality advisories and public health precautions. How can I protect myself from poor air quality? Get a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts. Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode. Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data. Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask. Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.","

What is the location of the dust storm?

As of May 31, 2026, a large Saharan dust plume, known as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), is moving westward from the Sahara Desert in North Africa across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Caribbean, affecting air quality across parts of the region.

The dust plume has reached the Cayman Islands and is affecting parts of Jamaica while extending across portions of the Caribbean Sea. Additional impacts are expected across Puerto Rico, the Windward Islands, and portions of Florida, particularly South Florida and Key West (1).

In Colombia, minor concentrations have been detected along the Colombian Caribbean coast and near the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (2).

The event is part of a recurring seasonal atmospheric phenomenon that transports mineral-rich dust thousands of miles across the Atlantic.

Which cities or areas are affected by the dust storm?

The cities and areas affected by the Saharan dust plume include:

Bahamas
Cayman Islands
Colombian Caribbean coast
Florida Gulf region
Jamaica
\nKey West, Florida
Puerto Rico
San Andrés
Santa Catalina
South Florida
Providencia
Windward Islands

In Colombia, impacts are expected mainly across northern Caribbean areas including Magdalena, Bolívar, Sucre, and Córdoba, as well as sectors of the San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina archipelago (3).

How long will the dust storm last?

Current forecasts indicate that the Saharan dust plume will remain over portions of the Caribbean through the weekend and into early next week.

Puerto Rico is expected to experience a denser plume on June 1 and June 2. Forecasters are also monitoring an additional dust plume that could reach the Cayman Islands around Tuesday evening, which may prolong air quality impacts into the following week.

Multiple Saharan dust outbreaks are expected to continue moving across the Caribbean at intervals of approximately five to seven days into early June (4).

Are there any alerts in place?

Several public health advisories and air quality alerts have been issued across affected regions. In Jamaica, the Ministry of Health and Wellness has urged residents to limit exposure to Saharan dust due to increased risks of respiratory illness, allergies, skin irritation, and eye irritation. Residents with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other respiratory conditions have been advised to remain indoors when possible and use protective measures when outdoors (5).

In Puerto Rico, weather officials have warned that sensitive groups, including people with respiratory conditions, may experience health effects as dust concentrations increase, particularly during June 1 and June 2.

In the Cayman Islands, health guidance recommends reducing strenuous outdoor activity, keeping windows closed, wearing masks outdoors when necessary, and using air purifiers indoors, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions.

No evacuation orders or evacuation centers have been reported in connection with this Saharan dust event. Current alerts focus on air quality advisories and public health precautions.

\n\n

How can I protect myself from poor air quality?

\nGet a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts.
Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode.
Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data.
Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask.\n
Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.

","caribbean-air-quality-alert-saharan-dust-storm","gid://shopify/Article/641650065486","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/caribbean-air-quality-alert-saharan-dust-storm","2026-05-31T13:11:16Z",[179,211],"Caribbean Air Quality Alert: Saharan Dust Plume",{"_66":264,"_80":-5,"_82":265,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273537892430","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/DustStorm2Desktop_8cfd902f-89ee-4f9b-8a61-975e47dfcce2.jpg?v=1780234077",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Find out more about the Seven Cabins Fire burning in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico, including evacuation updates, affected communities, and containment efforts.","

Find out more about the Seven Cabins Fire burning in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico, including evacuation updates, affected communities, and containment efforts.

","What is the name and location of the wildfire? As of June 1, 2026, the Seven Cabins Fire is burning in the Capitan Mountain Wilderness in Lincoln County, New Mexico, near Capitan Gap Road east of Capitan (1). The wildfire is located north of Capitan and approximately 25 miles northeast of Ruidoso in the Lincoln National Forest region. The fire is spreading through dry fuels and rugged terrain within the Peppin Fire burn scar area, creating difficult firefighting conditions. Which cities or areas are affected by the wildfire? The cities and areas affected by the Seven Cabins Fire include: Boy Scout Mountain Capitan Mountain Wilderness Copeland Canyon Encinoso Gap Road Lincoln Pine Lodge area Ruidoso State Highway 246 corridor What is the current containment status of the wildfire? As of June 1, 2026, the Seven Cabins Fire has burned approximately 29,351 acres and remains 53% contained. Fire crews are using both direct and indirect suppression strategies to slow the fire’s spread, particularly south of Highway 246 and around the Pine Lodge area. More than 200 personnel, along with helicopters, engines, dozers, and water tenders, are assigned to the incident. Strong winds, low humidity, and extremely dry fuels continue to create critical fire weather conditions that may contribute to additional fire growth (2). Are there any evacuation orders or alerts in place? Evacuation orders remain in effect for several areas impacted by the Seven Cabins Fire. A Level 3 GO evacuation order has been issued for zones LIU-115 and LIU-118, as well as areas between State Highway 246 and the ridge top of the Capitan Mountains between Gap Road and Boy Scout Mountain. Residents in these areas are advised to leave immediately for their safety. Emergency shelters for livestock have been established in Capitan and Lincoln. Small livestock such as horses, goats, pigs, and chickens can be taken to the Lincoln County Fairgrounds in Capitan, while assistance for larger livestock is available through local emergency management services. Authorities have also issued forest closure orders around the Capitan Mountains Wilderness Area and implemented temporary flight restrictions to support firefighting aircraft operations. How can I protect myself from wildfire smoke? Always plan ahead to protect yourself from wildfire smoke. Get a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts. Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode. Run a high-performance air purifier to filter wildfire smoke. Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data. Stay indoors; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask. As of June 1, 2026, this fire is 53% contained.","

What is the name and location of the wildfire?

As of June 1, 2026, the Seven Cabins Fire is burning in the Capitan Mountain Wilderness in Lincoln County, New Mexico, near Capitan Gap Road east of Capitan (1).

The wildfire is located north of Capitan and approximately 25 miles northeast of Ruidoso in the Lincoln National Forest region.

The fire is spreading through dry fuels and rugged terrain within the Peppin Fire burn scar area, creating difficult firefighting conditions.

Which cities or areas are affected by the wildfire?

The cities and areas affected by the Seven Cabins Fire include:

Boy Scout Mountain
\n
Capitan Mountain Wilderness
Copeland Canyon
Encinoso
Gap Road
Lincoln
Pine Lodge area
Ruidoso
State Highway 246 corridor

What is the current containment status of the wildfire?

As of June 1, 2026, the Seven Cabins Fire has burned approximately 29,351 acres and remains 53% contained.

Fire crews are using both direct and indirect suppression strategies to slow the fire’s spread, particularly south of Highway 246 and around the Pine Lodge area.

More than 200 personnel, along with helicopters, engines, dozers, and water tenders, are assigned to the incident. Strong winds, low humidity, and extremely dry fuels continue to create critical fire weather conditions that may contribute to additional fire growth (2).

Are there any evacuation orders or alerts in place?

Evacuation orders remain in effect for several areas impacted by the Seven Cabins Fire. A Level 3 GO evacuation order has been issued for zones LIU-115 and LIU-118, as well as areas between State Highway 246 and the ridge top of the Capitan Mountains between Gap Road and Boy Scout Mountain. Residents in these areas are advised to leave immediately for their safety.

Emergency shelters for livestock have been established in Capitan and Lincoln. Small livestock such as horses, goats, pigs, and chickens can be taken to the Lincoln County Fairgrounds in Capitan, while assistance for larger livestock is available through local emergency management services.

Authorities have also issued forest closure orders around the Capitan Mountains Wilderness Area and implemented temporary flight restrictions to support firefighting aircraft operations.

How can I protect myself from wildfire smoke?

Always plan ahead to protect yourself from wildfire smoke.

\nGet a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts.
Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode.
Run a high-performance air purifier to filter wildfire smoke.
Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data.
Stay indoors; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask.\n

As of June 1, 2026, this fire is 53% contained.

","wildfire-map-spotlight-seven-cabins-fire-new-mexico","gid://shopify/Article/641558970446","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/wildfire-map-spotlight-seven-cabins-fire-new-mexico","2026-06-01T06:20:11Z",[179,211,212],"Wildfire map spotlight: Seven Cabins Fire, New Mexico",{"_66":279,"_80":-5,"_82":280,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273543659598","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/Wildfire5Desktop_6d02c671-05d3-4427-8f21-00d742d374f7.jpg?v=1780294819",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"A severe heatwave is affecting India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with temperatures exceeding 100°F (38°C) across the region. Learn more about ongoing heat risks and alerts.","

A severe heatwave is affecting India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with temperatures exceeding 100°F (38°C) across the region. Learn more about ongoing heat risks and alerts.

","Why is there a heatwave in South Asia? As of June 1, 2026, a prolonged heatwave is affecting South Asia, driven by strong high-pressure systems that trap hot air near the surface. Temperatures in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan have soared well above seasonal averages, with some areas approaching or exceeding 45-50 degrees Celsius (113-122 degrees Fahrenheit) (1). The heat arrived earlier than the typical May-June season. High-pressure systems dominate, trapping hot air near the surface like a dome, preventing it from rising and cooling, while sinking air compresses, warms, and blocks clouds, allowing relentless solar heating (2). Climate scientists say meteorological conditions are up to 4°C warmer than in the past, mostly ascribing the increased heat to human-driven climate change. Which cities or areas are affected by the heatwave? Several major cities across South Asia are experiencing extreme heat during this heatwave event, some of the affected include: India: Aheri, Ahmedabad, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagpur, Nanded, Nellore, Prayagraj, Raipur, Sambalpur and Vijayawada. Pakistan: Bahawalpur, Dadu, Dalbandin, Dera Ismail Khan, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan, Sahiwal, Sibi, Sukkur and Turbat. Afghanistan: Farah, Kandahar Lashkar Gah and Mirabad. How long will the heatwave last? The heatwave began in early April 2026 and is expected to persist through the summer months across parts of South Asia. Forecasts for India and Pakistan indicate above-normal heatwave activity through the April–June period, while Afghanistan is also expected to experience prolonged extreme heat, particularly in southern regions where temperatures commonly reach 36–43°C (97–109°F) (3). Temperatures above 100°F (38°C) are likely to continue across much of the region until seasonal monsoon rainfall brings gradual relief later in the summer. It is possible that a strong El Niño projected for this summer may also contribute to more intense, longer-lasting heat waves and dry weather in South Asia (4). Are there any alerts in place? Multiple heat alerts are active across South Asia. Several regions in India were placed under orange alert for heatwave conditions, with authorities warning of increased heat-related illnesses and directing hospitals and livestock services to prepare accordingly (5). In Pakistan, the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) warned that heatwave conditions are expected to persist and advised residents to avoid direct sunlight and stay hydrated. Both countries have Heat Action Plans coordinated through disaster management authorities (6). Afghanistan's extreme summer heat typically affects outdoor workers and vulnerable populations, though formal heat-specific alert systems are limited compared to neighboring countries. Residents are advised to stay in air-conditioned spaces, avoid direct sun exposure, drink fluids, and check on elderly individuals. Outdoor workers should reschedule activities to cooler hours.","

Why is there a heatwave in South Asia?

As of June 1, 2026, a prolonged heatwave is affecting South Asia, driven by strong high-pressure systems that trap hot air near the surface. Temperatures in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan have soared well above seasonal averages, with some areas approaching or exceeding 45-50 degrees Celsius (113-122 degrees Fahrenheit) (1).

The heat arrived earlier than the typical May-June season. High-pressure systems dominate, trapping hot air near the surface like a dome, preventing it from rising and cooling, while sinking air compresses, warms, and blocks clouds, allowing relentless solar heating (2).

Climate scientists say meteorological conditions are up to 4°C warmer than in the past, mostly ascribing the increased heat to human-driven climate change.

Which cities or areas are affected by the heatwave?

Several major cities across South Asia are experiencing extreme heat during this heatwave event, some of the affected include:

\nIndia: Aheri, Ahmedabad, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagpur, Nanded, Nellore, Prayagraj, Raipur, Sambalpur and Vijayawada.
\nPakistan: Bahawalpur, Dadu, Dalbandin, Dera Ismail Khan, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan, Sahiwal, Sibi, Sukkur and Turbat.
\nAfghanistan: Farah, Kandahar Lashkar Gah and Mirabad.

How long will the heatwave last?

The heatwave began in early April 2026 and is expected to persist through the summer months across parts of South Asia.

Forecasts for India and Pakistan indicate above-normal heatwave activity through the April–June period, while Afghanistan is also expected to experience prolonged extreme heat, particularly in southern regions where temperatures commonly reach 36–43°C (97–109°F) (3).

Temperatures above 100°F (38°C) are likely to continue across much of the region until seasonal monsoon rainfall brings gradual relief later in the summer.

It is possible that a strong El Niño projected for this summer may also contribute to more intense, longer-lasting heat waves and dry weather in South Asia (4).

Are there any alerts in place?

Multiple heat alerts are active across South Asia. Several regions in India were placed under orange alert for heatwave conditions, with authorities warning of increased heat-related illnesses and directing hospitals and livestock services to prepare accordingly (5).

In Pakistan, the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) warned that heatwave conditions are expected to persist and advised residents to avoid direct sunlight and stay hydrated.

Both countries have Heat Action Plans coordinated through disaster management authorities (6).

Afghanistan's extreme summer heat typically affects outdoor workers and vulnerable populations, though formal heat-specific alert systems are limited compared to neighboring countries.

Residents are advised to stay in air-conditioned spaces, avoid direct sun exposure, drink fluids, and check on elderly individuals. Outdoor workers should reschedule activities to cooler hours.

","heatwave-map-spotlight-south-asia","gid://shopify/Article/641519910990","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/heatwave-map-spotlight-south-asia","2026-06-01T06:20:49Z",[179,211],"Heatwave Map Spotlight: South Asia",{"_66":294,"_80":-5,"_82":295,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273543725134","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/Heatwave2Desktop_720a57e4-d768-4259-a1b2-661d166640d2.jpg?v=1780294858",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Find out more about the current air quality situation in Jakarta, Indonesia, including pollution causes, health concerns, and expected improvements.","

Find out more about the current air quality situation in Jakarta, Indonesia, including pollution causes, health concerns, and expected improvements.

","Is the air quality good in Jakarta? As of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time), air quality in Jakarta, Indonesia, is poor, with an AQI of 153, classified as \"unhealthy,\" with PM2.5 as the dominant pollutant. These conditions pose elevated health risks, particularly for children, older adults, and people with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. While air quality today is poor, broader annual trends underscore the severity of the pollution problem. PM2.5 levels across the greater Jakarta metropolitan area averaged 34.1 µg/m³ in 2025, corresponding to an AQI of 97, near the upper end of the moderate range and approaching “unhealthy for sensitive groups,” while remaining nearly six times the WHO annual guideline of 5 µg/m³. For a complete, real-time view of current pollution levels, see Jakarta’s air quality map. Jakarta, Indonesia, ranked as the 2nd most polluted major city, as of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time). Source: IQAir. When will air quality improve in Jakarta? Air quality is forecast to remain poor through at least tomorrow, indicating that significant improvement is not expected in the immediate term. Hourly air quality forecast for Jakarta, Indonesia, as of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time). Source: IQAir. Research and policy assessments suggest that sustained pollution control measures can improve air quality over time, as seen during periods when emissions reduction efforts were more effective (1). Air quality map of Jakarta, Indonesia, as of June 1, 2026. Source: IQAir. What is causing poor air quality in Jakarta? Current poor air quality in Jakarta is primarily linked to heavy traffic congestion and the resumption of normal commuting activity following the Eid al-Fitr holiday period. Major contributors to Jakarta's air pollution include: Motor vehicle emissions from dense urban traffic Industrial activities and fossil fuel combustion Coal-fired power plant emissions in and around the Jakarta region Waste burning and construction-related emissions Seasonal pollution events, including biomass burning and forest fire smoke Research indicates that Jakarta's rapid urbanization and industrial growth have increased concentrations of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which can negatively affect public health (2). Recent policy analysis identifies transportation as one of the largest contributors to Jakarta's air pollution burden. Industrial facilities and power generation sources also remain significant contributors and may require stronger emissions controls (3). How can I protect myself from poor air quality? Get a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts. Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode. Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data. Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask. Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.","

Is the air quality good in Jakarta?

As of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time), air quality in Jakarta, Indonesia, is poor, with an AQI of 153, classified as \"unhealthy,\" with PM2.5 as the dominant pollutant.

These conditions pose elevated health risks, particularly for children, older adults, and people with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions.

While air quality today is poor, broader annual trends underscore the severity of the pollution problem. PM2.5 levels across the greater Jakarta metropolitan area averaged 34.1 µg/m³ in 2025, corresponding to an AQI of 97, near the upper end of the moderate range and approaching “unhealthy for sensitive groups,” while remaining nearly six times the WHO annual guideline of 5 µg/m³.

For a complete, real-time view of current pollution levels, see Jakarta’s air quality map.

$\"\"$ Jakarta, Indonesia, ranked as the 2nd most polluted major city, as of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time). Source: IQAir.

When will air quality improve in Jakarta?

Air quality is forecast to remain poor through at least tomorrow, indicating that significant improvement is not expected in the immediate term.

$\"\"$ Hourly air quality forecast for Jakarta, Indonesia, as of June 1, 2026, at 12:30 PM (local time). Source: IQAir.

Research and policy assessments suggest that sustained pollution control measures can improve air quality over time, as seen during periods when emissions reduction efforts were more effective (1).

$\"\"$ Air quality map of Jakarta, Indonesia, as of June 1, 2026. Source: IQAir.

What is causing poor air quality in Jakarta?

Current poor air quality in Jakarta is primarily linked to heavy traffic congestion and the resumption of normal commuting activity following the Eid al-Fitr holiday period.

Major contributors to Jakarta's air pollution include:

Motor vehicle emissions from dense urban traffic
Industrial activities and fossil fuel combustion
Coal-fired power plant emissions in and around the Jakarta region
Waste burning and construction-related emissions
Seasonal pollution events, including biomass burning and forest fire smoke

Research indicates that Jakarta's rapid urbanization and industrial growth have increased concentrations of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which can negatively affect public health (2).

Recent policy analysis identifies transportation as one of the largest contributors to Jakarta's air pollution burden. Industrial facilities and power generation sources also remain significant contributors and may require stronger emissions controls (3).

\n\n

How can I protect myself from poor air quality?

\nGet a free air quality app for real-time air quality alerts and forecasts.
Shut doors and windows and set the HVAC to recirculate mode.
Contribute to your community’s outdoor air quality data.
Stay indoors when air quality is poor; if you do need to go outdoors, wear a KN95/FFP2 mask.\n
Run a high-performance air purifier to filter particles, gases, and other pollutants.

","jakarta-among-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-6-1-2026","gid://shopify/Article/641653080142","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/jakarta-among-top-10-most-polluted-cities-in-the-world-6-1-2026","2026-06-01T07:15:21Z",[179,211],"June 1, 2026: Jakarta among top 10 most polluted cities in the world",{"_66":309,"_80":310,"_82":311,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273544970318","Polluted skies of Jakarta","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/JakartaDesktop_836c581b-0090-431d-8ab6-cc065baf3d40.jpg?v=1780302000",{"_51":52,"_53":331,"_11":332,"_56":333,"_58":334,"_60":335,"_62":336,"_64":337,"_66":338,"_68":339,"_70":-5,"_71":340,"_73":341,"_75":342,"_77":343},{"_51":52,"_53":314,"_11":315,"_56":316,"_58":317,"_60":318,"_62":319,"_64":320,"_66":321,"_68":322,"_70":-5,"_71":323,"_73":324,"_75":325,"_77":326},{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Discover how air purifiers help with allergies. Learn about filtration technologies, selecting the right purifier, and managing allergy symptoms effectively.","

Discover how air purifiers help with allergies. Learn about filtration technologies, selecting the right purifier, and managing allergy symptoms effectively.

","Yes. Air purifiers can help reduce airborne allergens—but how much they help depends on how they work and what they are designed to remove. Many people seek relief from allergies by turning to air purifiers—but their effectiveness depends on how they work and what they are designed to remove. Understanding Allergies Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to otherwise harmless substances, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or pet dander. These allergens are often airborne, which is why air quality plays a role in symptom management. The role of air purifiers Air purifiers are designed to eliminate airborne pollutants and contaminants from the air, including allergens. By capturing and trapping allergenic particles, air purifiers aim to create a cleaner and healthier indoor environment, reducing exposure to allergens and alleviating allergy symptoms. However, the effectiveness of air purifiers in managing allergies depends on various factors, including the type of allergens present, the filtration technology used, and the size of the space being treated. When air purifiers help—and when they don’t Air purifiers can reduce airborne allergens, but they are not a complete solution on their own. They are most effective for particles that remain suspended in the air, such as pollen or pet dander. However, allergens that settle on surfaces—like dust mites in bedding or carpets—require additional cleaning and environmental controls. Filtration technologies and allergen removal HEPA Filters HEPA filters are widely used for capturing airborne particles. They have a remarkable capability to capture particles as tiny as 0.3 microns with great efficiency. This makes them highly effective in removing various allergens like pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from the air. HEPA filters consist of tightly packed fibers that form a complex network, which traps airborne particles as the air flows through. As a result, they play a crucial role in improving indoor air quality and alleviating allergy symptoms for individuals sensitive to common airborne allergens. Activated Carbon Filters While HyperHEPA filters excel at capturing particulate matter, activated carbon filters offer a unique advantage in adsorbing odors, chemicals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can also trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Activated carbon is highly porous, providing a large surface area for chemical interactions to occur. As air passes through the carbon filter, odorous molecules and chemical pollutants become trapped within the carbon pores through a process known as adsorption, effectively removing them from the air stream. This makes activated carbon filters an invaluable addition to air purifiers, particularly in environments where odors and chemical emissions are a concern. By addressing both particulate and gaseous pollutants, activated carbon filters contribute to creating a cleaner, fresher indoor environment, promoting respiratory health and overall well-being. HyperHEPA Filters HyperHEPA filtration is designed to capture ultrafine particles down to 0.003 microns, including viruses, bacteria, and combustion particles. Effectiveness of air purifiers in managing allergies Numerous studies have evaluated the efficacy of air purifiers in reducing allergy symptoms and improving overall indoor air quality (1)(2). While results may change depending on individual circumstances, research suggests that air purifiers can indeed help alleviate allergy symptoms by reducing the concentration of allergens in the air. However, it's essential to note that top-rated air purifiers should be used as part of a comprehensive allergy management plan, which may include allergen avoidance strategies, medication, and lifestyle modifications. Selecting the right air purifier for allergies Choosing an air purifier for allergies depends on matching the system to the type of allergens present and the size of the space. Filtration Efficiency Consider air purifiers that come with High-efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters to remove allergens effectively. HyperHEPA filters are highly efficient in capturing particles as tiny as 0.003 microns, capturing common allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from the air. Opting for an air purifier with a HyperHEPA filter assures you of its ability to provide clean and allergen-free air for you and your loved ones. Room Size Consider the size of the room or area where the air purifier will be used to ensure adequate coverage and optimal performance. Select a model that is suitable for the square footage of the space and taking into account factors such as ceiling height and air circulation. An air purifier that is too small for the room may struggle to filter the air effectively, while one that is too large may consume unnecessary energy. By choosing a properly sized air purifier, you can ensure that allergens are efficiently removed from the air, providing relief from allergy symptoms throughout the entire space. Additional Features Look for air purifiers with additional features that enhance convenience and usability while further improving indoor air quality. Features such as air quality sensors can automatically adjust the purification settings based on the detected level of airborne pollutants, ensuring optimal performance at all times. Programmable timers allow you to schedule operations according to your lifestyle, while quiet operation ensures minimal disruption, especially during nighttime use. By choosing an air purifier with these additional features, you can enjoy enhanced convenience and peace of mind, knowing that your indoor air is being effectively purified to alleviate allergy symptoms and promote respiratory health. Frequently Asked Questions Do air purifiers help with pet allergies? Yes. Air purifiers with HyperHEPA or HEPA filters effectively capture pet dander, a common allergen, reducing symptoms for those with pet allergies. For best results, run the purifier continuously in rooms where pets spend time. Can an air purifier remove pollen from indoor air? Absolutely. HyperHEPA filters are highly effective at trapping pollen particles, which are a major trigger for seasonal allergies. Consider placing the purifier near windows or entryways to intercept pollen before it spreads. How quickly do air purifiers reduce allergy symptoms? Many users notice a difference within hours, but it may take a few days of continuous use to significantly reduce allergen levels. For severe allergies, combine air purification with regular cleaning and allergen avoidance strategies. Are there air purifiers specifically designed for allergy sufferers? Yes. Look for models with HyperHEPA filtration and features like air quality sensors or auto mode for real-time adjustments. Do air purifiers help with dust mite allergies? Yes. HyperHEPA filters capture dust mite debris and feces, which are common triggers. To maximize effectiveness, vacuum and wash bedding regularly, and use an air purifier in the bedroom where dust mites are most concentrated. Conclusion Air purifiers can help reduce airborne allergen levels and support allergy management—but they work best as part of a broader strategy that includes cleaning, ventilation, and exposure reduction. While they may not provide a complete solution on their own, when used in conjunction with other allergy management strategies, air purifiers can be a valuable tool in the battle against allergies.","

Yes. Air purifiers can help reduce airborne allergens—but how much they help depends on how they work and what they are designed to remove.

Many people seek relief from allergies by turning to air purifiers—but their effectiveness depends on how they work and what they are designed to remove.

Understanding Allergies

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to otherwise harmless substances, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or pet dander. These allergens are often airborne, which is why air quality plays a role in symptom management.

The role of air purifiers

Air purifiers are designed to eliminate airborne pollutants and contaminants from the air, including allergens. By capturing and trapping allergenic particles, air purifiers aim to create a cleaner and healthier indoor environment, reducing exposure to allergens and alleviating allergy symptoms.

However, the effectiveness of air purifiers in managing allergies depends on various factors, including the type of allergens present, the filtration technology used, and the size of the space being treated.

When air purifiers help—and when they don’t

Air purifiers can reduce airborne allergens, but they are not a complete solution on their own.

They are most effective for particles that remain suspended in the air, such as pollen or pet dander. However, allergens that settle on surfaces—like dust mites in bedding or carpets—require additional cleaning and environmental controls.

Filtration technologies and allergen removal

HEPA Filters

HEPA filters are widely used for capturing airborne particles. They have a remarkable capability to capture particles as tiny as 0.3 microns with great efficiency. This makes them highly effective in removing various allergens like pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from the air.

HEPA filters consist of tightly packed fibers that form a complex network, which traps airborne particles as the air flows through. As a result, they play a crucial role in improving indoor air quality and alleviating allergy symptoms for individuals sensitive to common airborne allergens.

Activated Carbon Filters

While HyperHEPA filters excel at capturing particulate matter, activated carbon filters offer a unique advantage in adsorbing odors, chemicals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can also trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Activated carbon is highly porous, providing a large surface area for chemical interactions to occur.

As air passes through the carbon filter, odorous molecules and chemical pollutants become trapped within the carbon pores through a process known as adsorption, effectively removing them from the air stream. This makes activated carbon filters an invaluable addition to air purifiers, particularly in environments where odors and chemical emissions are a concern. By addressing both particulate and gaseous pollutants, activated carbon filters contribute to creating a cleaner, fresher indoor environment, promoting respiratory health and overall well-being.

HyperHEPA Filters

HyperHEPA filtration is designed to capture ultrafine particles down to 0.003 microns, including viruses, bacteria, and combustion particles.

Effectiveness of air purifiers in managing allergies

Numerous studies have evaluated the efficacy of air purifiers in reducing allergy symptoms and improving overall indoor air quality (1)(2). While results may change depending on individual circumstances, research suggests that air purifiers can indeed help alleviate allergy symptoms by reducing the concentration of allergens in the air.

However, it's essential to note that top-rated air purifiers should be used as part of a comprehensive allergy management plan, which may include allergen avoidance strategies, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

Selecting the right air purifier for allergies

Choosing an air purifier for allergies depends on matching the system to the type of allergens present and the size of the space.

Filtration Efficiency

Consider air purifiers that come with High-efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters to remove allergens effectively. HyperHEPA filters are highly efficient in capturing particles as tiny as 0.003 microns, capturing common allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from the air.

Opting for an air purifier with a HyperHEPA filter assures you of its ability to provide clean and allergen-free air for you and your loved ones.

Room Size

Consider the size of the room or area where the air purifier will be used to ensure adequate coverage and optimal performance. Select a model that is suitable for the square footage of the space and taking into account factors such as ceiling height and air circulation.

An air purifier that is too small for the room may struggle to filter the air effectively, while one that is too large may consume unnecessary energy. By choosing a properly sized air purifier, you can ensure that allergens are efficiently removed from the air, providing relief from allergy symptoms throughout the entire space.

Additional Features

Look for air purifiers with additional features that enhance convenience and usability while further improving indoor air quality. Features such as air quality sensors can automatically adjust the purification settings based on the detected level of airborne pollutants, ensuring optimal performance at all times.

Programmable timers allow you to schedule operations according to your lifestyle, while quiet operation ensures minimal disruption, especially during nighttime use. By choosing an air purifier with these additional features, you can enjoy enhanced convenience and peace of mind, knowing that your indoor air is being effectively purified to alleviate allergy symptoms and promote respiratory health.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do air purifiers help with pet allergies?

Yes. Air purifiers with HyperHEPA or HEPA filters effectively capture pet dander, a common allergen, reducing symptoms for those with pet allergies. For best results, run the purifier continuously in rooms where pets spend time.

Can an air purifier remove pollen from indoor air?

Absolutely. HyperHEPA filters are highly effective at trapping pollen particles, which are a major trigger for seasonal allergies. Consider placing the purifier near windows or entryways to intercept pollen before it spreads.

How quickly do air purifiers reduce allergy symptoms?

Many users notice a difference within hours, but it may take a few days of continuous use to significantly reduce allergen levels. For severe allergies, combine air purification with regular cleaning and allergen avoidance strategies.

Are there air purifiers specifically designed for allergy sufferers?

Yes. Look for models with HyperHEPA filtration and features like air quality sensors or auto mode for real-time adjustments.

Do air purifiers help with dust mite allergies?

Yes. HyperHEPA filters capture dust mite debris and feces, which are common triggers. To maximize effectiveness, vacuum and wash bedding regularly, and use an air purifier in the bedroom where dust mites are most concentrated.

Conclusion

Air purifiers can help reduce airborne allergen levels and support allergy management—but they work best as part of a broader strategy that includes cleaning, ventilation, and exposure reduction.

While they may not provide a complete solution on their own, when used in conjunction with other allergy management strategies, air purifiers can be a valuable tool in the battle against allergies.

","do-air-purifiers-help-with-allergies","gid://shopify/Article/633979961422","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/do-air-purifiers-help-with-allergies","2026-05-26T07:00:00Z",[195,329,330],"Do air purifiers help with allergies?",{"_66":327,"_80":-5,"_82":328,"_84":234,"_86":235},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273467834446","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/PurifiersAllergies_B_6b41f715-c4d3-4da4-8606-212eda224c77.jpg?v=1779811756","Allergies and Asthma","Featured articles",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"First, second, and thirdhand smoke doesn’t disappear when a cigarette is extinguished. Learn how it lingers in the air, spreads across surfaces, and affects indoor environments over time.","

First, second, and thirdhand smoke doesn’t disappear when a cigarette is extinguished. Learn how it lingers in the air, spreads across surfaces, and affects indoor environments over time.

","Smoke does not disappear when a cigarette is extinguished. Particles and gases linger in the air and settle onto surfaces, continuing to affect indoor environments long after smoking stops. What many people don’t realize is that these particles don’t just linger—they continuously move between air and surfaces, re-circulating indoors over time. What is firsthand, secondhand, and thirdhand smoke? Traditionally, tobacco smoke is consumed directly through lighting a cigarette and inhaling the substance, also known as firsthand exposure. However, involuntary or indirect modes of consumption can happen daily without a person even realizing it. From secondary inhalation to residue build-up, all the different types of tobacco smoke exposures include (1): Firsthand: Direct inhalation of tobacco smoke chemicals by an individual, commonly resulting in elevated personal health risks from heart disease to lung cancer and respiratory complications. Secondhand: Also known as passive smoking, this is the involuntary or indirect inhalation of tobacco smoke by a non-smoking person. If exposed, individuals could encounter over 7,000 various chemicals, including over 70 carcinogens. Long-term secondhand exposure increases physical and mental health risks, especially when an individual is in ill-ventilated areas or indoor spaces. Thirdhand: Tobacco smoke residue that clings and gradually accumulates on top of commonly exposed surfaces such as furniture, walls, and clothing. The tobacco residue often contains toxins and poisonous compounds that are especially harmful to infants, toddlers, and animals who may encounter and ingest these particles. Unlike airborne smoke that dissipates, thirdhand smoke can persist on surfaces for weeks or even months, continuing to release harmful compounds back into the air long after smoking stops. How tobacco smoke affects indoor air quality When cigarettes are combusted, they release smoke containing high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter that can linger and migrate. PM2.5 are airborne particles the size of 2.5 microns or less and PM10 encapsulate particles the size of 10 microns or less. When these pollutants are inhaled, they can cause systemic harm to the human body. In enclosed spaces, smoking can raise fine particle concentrations to levels up to 100 times higher than typical outdoor air—turning indoor environments into some of the most polluted spaces people encounter. Smoking also directly contributes to the production of harmful gases and chemical pollutants, commonly known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Tobacco smoke specifically has been found to be linked to benzene, a common carcinogen that is known to cause leukemia, bone marrow damage, and anemia through long-term exposure (2). These dynamics are especially pronounced in indoor environments, where airflow is limited and pollutants are more likely to accumulate over time. Indoor smoking leads to long-term exposure Smoking indoors introduces pollutants into a contained environment where they can accumulate, settle, and recirculate over time. Unlike outdoor environments, indoor spaces often lack sufficient airflow to disperse smoke quickly, allowing particles and gases to persist well beyond the act of smoking itself. For this reason, avoiding indoor smoking completely is the most effective way to reduce exposure to both airborne and surface-bound contaminants associated with smoking. Secondhand smoke doesn’t always dissipate outdoors This persistence is not limited to indoor environments. It is often assumed that secondhand smoke quickly disperses outdoors and poses little risk. However, research suggests that this is not always the case—particularly in partially enclosed spaces such as patios, outdoor dining areas, and building entrances. In these environments, secondhand smoke can reach concentrations comparable to indoor spaces where smoking is permitted. Exposure levels can vary depending on the number of smokers, proximity, and airflow conditions, with individuals downwind often experiencing the highest concentrations. Even at a distance, smoke particles can remain detectable and irritating. In some cases, outdoor smoke can drift into adjacent indoor areas or accumulate in semi-enclosed spaces, extending exposure beyond the immediate source (3). Studies have shown that secondhand smoke can be detected and cause irritation at distances of more than 10–20 feet from the source, particularly when individuals are positioned downwind. In outdoor settings with multiple smokers or partial enclosure, exposure levels can approach those found indoors—lasting for as long as smoking activity continues and, in some cases, persisting after the source is gone (4). These findings challenge the assumption that outdoor smoking eliminates risk, highlighting how secondhand smoke can persist and spread across both indoor and outdoor environments. Thirdhand smoke can further extend this exposure. Residual particles that settle onto clothing, skin, or surfaces outdoors can be carried back into indoor environments, where they continue to release harmful compounds over time. This means that even when smoking occurs outside, its effects can still persist indoors. How smoking regulations shape indoor air quality U.S. State and federal smoking laws have been in place since the 1960s to ensure public safety and limit indirect exposure. The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, enacted in July 1965, was one of the first anti-smoking laws, requiring transparent health warnings and restricting false advertising of cigarette products nationwide (5). Today, many policies extend into private spaces, as business owners take it upon themselves to limit tobacco exposure to ensure public safety. Tobacco and smoking regulations are becoming increasingly popular worldwide as well. In 2024, Canada was the first country in the world to mandate transparent health warnings on each cigarette individually, with bold black text printed on every stick (6). Also in the same year, the United Kingdom introduced a Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which would ban those under the age of 15 from purchasing tobacco beginning 2027 (7). In a separate ruling, the United Kingdom has also banned the sell and purchase of disposable vapes to address issues in underage smoking (8). For shared buildings and apartment complexes, anti-smoking regulations and designated smoking areas are the key to securing a healthy space for everyone, as cigarette smoke can be transported easily through open windows and air vents or stick to commonly used surfaces (9). Limiting tobacco smoke exposure doesn’t stop at smoking rules and regulations, it also depends on a building’s air filtration system. Because tobacco smoke includes both particles and gases, reducing exposure requires more than a single approach. How filtration can help reduce tobacco smoke exposure Source control—preventing smoke from entering the environment in the first place—is the most effective way to reduce exposure. HyperHEPA filtration is designed to capture 99.5% of airborne particulate as small as 0.003 microns, helping reduce tobacco smoke particles and odors. However, tobacco smoke is not made up of particles alone—it also contains a complex mix of gases and chemical pollutants. Gas-phase filtration, such as activated carbon, is designed to adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, and other harmful chemicals present in smoke. By combining particle filtration with gas-phase filtration, air purification systems can address a broader range of pollutants found in tobacco smoke. When paired with proper ventilation and HVAC systems, these approaches can help reduce overall exposure to both particulate and chemical components of tobacco smoke. Reducing exposure to secondhand smoke indoors Reducing exposure to tobacco smoke often involves a combination of building-level policies and individual actions. In homes or shared spaces where smoking occurs, reducing exposure often depends on how air moves, how surfaces are managed, and how consistently these strategies are applied: Improving filtration and ventilation in shared indoor spaces. Limiting indoor smoking and separating smoking areas where possible. Using air filtration to reduce airborne smoke particles and odors Monitoring indoor air quality to better understand exposure levels. Addressing thirdhand smoke on surfaces Thirdhand smoke also plays a role in ongoing exposure. Because smoke residues can accumulate on surfaces and in materials like carpets, upholstery, and clothing, regular cleaning is an important part of reducing exposure. Vacuuming with HEPA filtration, washing fabrics, and wiping surfaces with low- or VOC-free cleaners can help limit the buildup of these lingering contaminants. Conclusion Secondhand and thirdhand smoke can affect indoor air quality long after smoking occurs—often in ways that are not immediately visible. Understanding how these exposures behave is key to reducing risk in indoor environments. Observed each year on May 31, World No Tobacco Day highlights the importance of reducing tobacco-related harms—including those linked to indoor air quality and lingering smoke exposure.","

Smoke does not disappear when a cigarette is extinguished. Particles and gases linger in the air and settle onto surfaces, continuing to affect indoor environments long after smoking stops.

What many people don’t realize is that these particles don’t just linger—they continuously move between air and surfaces, re-circulating indoors over time.

What is firsthand, secondhand, and thirdhand smoke?

Traditionally, tobacco smoke is consumed directly through lighting a cigarette and inhaling the substance, also known as firsthand exposure. However, involuntary or indirect modes of consumption can happen daily without a person even realizing it. From secondary inhalation to residue build-up, all the different types of tobacco smoke exposures include (1):

\nFirsthand: Direct inhalation of tobacco smoke chemicals by an individual, commonly resulting in elevated personal health risks from heart disease to lung cancer and respiratory complications.
\nSecondhand: Also known as passive smoking, this is the involuntary or indirect inhalation of tobacco smoke by a non-smoking person. If exposed, individuals could encounter over 7,000 various chemicals, including over 70 carcinogens. Long-term secondhand exposure increases physical and mental health risks, especially when an individual is in ill-ventilated areas or indoor spaces.
\nThirdhand: Tobacco smoke residue that clings and gradually accumulates on top of commonly exposed surfaces such as furniture, walls, and clothing. The tobacco residue often contains toxins and poisonous compounds that are especially harmful to infants, toddlers, and animals who may encounter and ingest these particles. Unlike airborne smoke that dissipates, thirdhand smoke can persist on surfaces for weeks or even months, continuing to release harmful compounds back into the air long after smoking stops.

How tobacco smoke affects indoor air quality

When cigarettes are combusted, they release smoke containing high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter that can linger and migrate. PM2.5 are airborne particles the size of 2.5 microns or less and PM10 encapsulate particles the size of 10 microns or less. When these pollutants are inhaled, they can cause systemic harm to the human body.

In enclosed spaces, smoking can raise fine particle concentrations to levels up to 100 times higher than typical outdoor air—turning indoor environments into some of the most polluted spaces people encounter.

Smoking also directly contributes to the production of harmful gases and chemical pollutants, commonly known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Tobacco smoke specifically has been found to be linked to benzene, a common carcinogen that is known to cause leukemia, bone marrow damage, and anemia through long-term exposure (2).

These dynamics are especially pronounced in indoor environments, where airflow is limited and pollutants are more likely to accumulate over time.

Indoor smoking leads to long-term exposure

Smoking indoors introduces pollutants into a contained environment where they can accumulate, settle, and recirculate over time. Unlike outdoor environments, indoor spaces often lack sufficient airflow to disperse smoke quickly, allowing particles and gases to persist well beyond the act of smoking itself.

For this reason, avoiding indoor smoking completely is the most effective way to reduce exposure to both airborne and surface-bound contaminants associated with smoking.

Secondhand smoke doesn’t always dissipate outdoors

This persistence is not limited to indoor environments. It is often assumed that secondhand smoke quickly disperses outdoors and poses little risk. However, research suggests that this is not always the case—particularly in partially enclosed spaces such as patios, outdoor dining areas, and building entrances.

In these environments, secondhand smoke can reach concentrations comparable to indoor spaces where smoking is permitted. Exposure levels can vary depending on the number of smokers, proximity, and airflow conditions, with individuals downwind often experiencing the highest concentrations.

Even at a distance, smoke particles can remain detectable and irritating. In some cases, outdoor smoke can drift into adjacent indoor areas or accumulate in semi-enclosed spaces, extending exposure beyond the immediate source (3).

Studies have shown that secondhand smoke can be detected and cause irritation at distances of more than 10–20 feet from the source, particularly when individuals are positioned downwind. In outdoor settings with multiple smokers or partial enclosure, exposure levels can approach those found indoors—lasting for as long as smoking activity continues and, in some cases, persisting after the source is gone (4).

These findings challenge the assumption that outdoor smoking eliminates risk, highlighting how secondhand smoke can persist and spread across both indoor and outdoor environments.

Thirdhand smoke can further extend this exposure. Residual particles that settle onto clothing, skin, or surfaces outdoors can be carried back into indoor environments, where they continue to release harmful compounds over time. This means that even when smoking occurs outside, its effects can still persist indoors.

How smoking regulations shape indoor air quality

U.S. State and federal smoking laws have been in place since the 1960s to ensure public safety and limit indirect exposure. The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, enacted in July 1965, was one of the first anti-smoking laws, requiring transparent health warnings and restricting false advertising of cigarette products nationwide (5). Today, many policies extend into private spaces, as business owners take it upon themselves to limit tobacco exposure to ensure public safety.

Tobacco and smoking regulations are becoming increasingly popular worldwide as well. In 2024, Canada was the first country in the world to mandate transparent health warnings on each cigarette individually, with bold black text printed on every stick (6). Also in the same year, the United Kingdom introduced a Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which would ban those under the age of 15 from purchasing tobacco beginning 2027 (7). In a separate ruling, the United Kingdom has also banned the sell and purchase of disposable vapes to address issues in underage smoking (8).

For shared buildings and apartment complexes, anti-smoking regulations and designated smoking areas are the key to securing a healthy space for everyone, as cigarette smoke can be transported easily through open windows and air vents or stick to commonly used surfaces (9). Limiting tobacco smoke exposure doesn’t stop at smoking rules and regulations, it also depends on a building’s air filtration system.

Because tobacco smoke includes both particles and gases, reducing exposure requires more than a single approach.

How filtration can help reduce tobacco smoke exposure

Source control—preventing smoke from entering the environment in the first place—is the most effective way to reduce exposure.

HyperHEPA filtration is designed to capture 99.5% of airborne particulate as small as 0.003 microns, helping reduce tobacco smoke particles and odors.

However, tobacco smoke is not made up of particles alone—it also contains a complex mix of gases and chemical pollutants. Gas-phase filtration, such as activated carbon, is designed to adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, and other harmful chemicals present in smoke. By combining particle filtration with gas-phase filtration, air purification systems can address a broader range of pollutants found in tobacco smoke.

When paired with proper ventilation and HVAC systems, these approaches can help reduce overall exposure to both particulate and chemical components of tobacco smoke.

Reducing exposure to secondhand smoke indoors

Reducing exposure to tobacco smoke often involves a combination of building-level policies and individual actions.

In homes or shared spaces where smoking occurs, reducing exposure often depends on how air moves, how surfaces are managed, and how consistently these strategies are applied:

Improving filtration and ventilation in shared indoor spaces.
Limiting indoor smoking and separating smoking areas where possible.
Using air filtration to reduce airborne smoke particles and odors
Monitoring indoor air quality to better understand exposure levels.

Addressing thirdhand smoke on surfaces

Thirdhand smoke also plays a role in ongoing exposure. Because smoke residues can accumulate on surfaces and in materials like carpets, upholstery, and clothing, regular cleaning is an important part of reducing exposure. Vacuuming with HEPA filtration, washing fabrics, and wiping surfaces with low- or VOC-free cleaners can help limit the buildup of these lingering contaminants.

Conclusion

Secondhand and thirdhand smoke can affect indoor air quality long after smoking occurs—often in ways that are not immediately visible. Understanding how these exposures behave is key to reducing risk in indoor environments.

Observed each year on May 31, World No Tobacco Day highlights the importance of reducing tobacco-related harms—including those linked to indoor air quality and lingering smoke exposure.

","secondhand-smoke-why-it-lingers-and-spreads","gid://shopify/Article/641422983246","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/secondhand-smoke-why-it-lingers-and-spreads","2026-05-27T16:20:16Z",[179,330,162],"First, second, and thirdhand smoke explained: Why it lingers and spreads",{"_66":344,"_80":-5,"_82":345,"_84":234,"_86":235},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/273522491470","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/A_d3bbb438-0fe3-46bb-afac-256bdd368fa4.jpg?v=1780071074","Air Quality News - Resources","description","","http://www.iqair.cn/cn-en/newsroom?tag=Resources","jsonLd",{"_352":353,"_354":355,"_91":346,"_347":348,"_82":349},"@context","https://schema.org","@type","Blog","Air Quality News",{"_75":-5,"_347":-5},"articles",{"_360":361,"_362":363},"nodes",[372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383],"pageInfo",{"_364":365,"_366":367,"_368":369,"_370":371},"hasPreviousPage",false,"hasNextPage",true,"endCursor","eyJsYXN0X2lkIjo1NjQ4NTkyNDA1MjYsImxhc3RfdmFsdWUiOjE0Njc2NTMwNzkwMDAsIm9mZnNldCI6MTF9","startCursor","eyJsYXN0X2lkIjo1NjQ4NTkzMzg4MzAsImxhc3RfdmFsdWUiOjE3NzMyNDk4MjQwMDAsIm9mZnNldCI6MH0=",{"_51":52,"_53":551,"_11":552,"_56":553,"_58":554,"_60":555,"_62":556,"_64":557,"_66":558,"_68":559,"_70":-5,"_71":560,"_73":561,"_75":562,"_77":563},{"_51":52,"_53":538,"_11":539,"_56":348,"_58":348,"_60":540,"_62":541,"_64":542,"_66":543,"_68":544,"_70":-5,"_71":545,"_73":546,"_75":547,"_77":548},{"_51":52,"_53":521,"_11":522,"_56":523,"_58":523,"_60":524,"_62":525,"_64":526,"_66":527,"_68":528,"_70":-5,"_71":529,"_73":530,"_75":531,"_77":532},{"_51":52,"_53":506,"_11":507,"_56":508,"_58":508,"_60":509,"_62":510,"_64":511,"_66":512,"_68":513,"_70":-5,"_71":514,"_73":515,"_75":516,"_77":517},{"_51":52,"_53":491,"_11":492,"_56":493,"_58":493,"_60":494,"_62":495,"_64":496,"_66":497,"_68":498,"_70":-5,"_71":499,"_73":500,"_75":501,"_77":502},{"_51":52,"_53":476,"_11":477,"_56":478,"_58":478,"_60":479,"_62":480,"_64":481,"_66":482,"_68":483,"_70":-5,"_71":484,"_73":485,"_75":486,"_77":487},{"_51":52,"_53":461,"_11":462,"_56":463,"_58":463,"_60":464,"_62":465,"_64":466,"_66":467,"_68":468,"_70":-5,"_71":469,"_73":470,"_75":471,"_77":472},{"_51":52,"_53":446,"_11":447,"_56":448,"_58":448,"_60":449,"_62":450,"_64":451,"_66":452,"_68":453,"_70":-5,"_71":454,"_73":455,"_75":456,"_77":457},{"_51":52,"_53":431,"_11":432,"_56":433,"_58":433,"_60":434,"_62":435,"_64":436,"_66":437,"_68":438,"_70":-5,"_71":439,"_73":440,"_75":441,"_77":442},{"_51":52,"_53":416,"_11":417,"_56":418,"_58":418,"_60":419,"_62":420,"_64":421,"_66":422,"_68":423,"_70":-5,"_71":424,"_73":425,"_75":426,"_77":427},{"_51":52,"_53":401,"_11":402,"_56":403,"_58":403,"_60":404,"_62":405,"_64":406,"_66":407,"_68":408,"_70":-5,"_71":409,"_73":410,"_75":411,"_77":412},{"_51":52,"_53":384,"_11":385,"_56":386,"_58":386,"_60":387,"_62":388,"_64":389,"_66":390,"_68":391,"_70":-5,"_71":392,"_73":393,"_75":394,"_77":395},{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based gaseous chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. Learn how they impact air quality.","What are VOCs?Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds emitted as gases from solids or liquids.VOCs are volatile because they easily evaporate at room temperature and are organic compounds because they include carbon. VOCs are wide-ranging and have varying levels of toxicity.What are some examples of VOCs?A partial list of notable toxic VOCs includes: 1,2,3 acetone benzene formaldehyde styrene tetrachloroethylene toluene xylene Methane is an organic compound and is listed as a VOC by some government environmental regulatory agencies.4 However, regulatory agencies separate methane from other VOCs for several reasons: low photochemical reactivity doesn’t contribute as much to the formation of ground-level ozone as other VOCs provides a strong direct contribution to climate change Where do VOCs come from?VOCs are emitted from a wide array of sources, partially varying due to geography. Cities see their largest contributions from vehicle emissions, while industrial and suburban sources may come more from fossil fuel burning and waste emissions.5VOC emissions are a concern for all nations. For example, a 2018 study published in Atmospheric Environment found that open burning of maize crop residue resulted in 79 tons of VOC emissions in northern Thailand.6 In Delhi, India, 80 percent of VOCs in the city’s air came from traffic emissions and solid fuel burning.7The top ten industrial emitters of VOCs in Canada during 2017 contributed a combined 55,000 tonnes of VOCs into the atmosphere primarily through oil extraction and refining as well as through alcohol brewing. 8VOC sources include:9,10 paints aerosol sprays printing inks cleaning products wood preservatives cleansers and disinfectants building materials feedstock home firewood burning oil and gas industry fuel bacteria propane ethanol butane white spirits Vehicle fuel combustion is an important source of VOCs. However, VOCs aren’t solely from vehicle tailpipes: toxic VOCs can be emitted through off-gassing chemicals inside car interiors.Pleasant-smelling products can actively emit VOCs. For instance, the “new car smell” experienced during a new vehicle purchase is an example of interior car parts off-gassing.11 Research conducted by the non-profit Ecology Center determined that there was a cocktail of hundreds of toxic chemicals that off-gas within car interiors.Car air fresheners and home air fresheners emit VOCs.12 A 2011 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that over 100 VOCs were emitted by scented consumer goods.Scented candles have been found to negatively influence indoor air quality as they emit VOCs even when unlit.13 A 2015 study published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials found that though the composition of VOCs differed depending upon whether scented candles were lit or unlit, scented candles were strong indoor sources of VOC emissions in either state. Indoor concentrations of VOCs are on average 2-5 times higher than outdoors.14 VOC concentrations can be higher indoors due to inadequate ventilation, higher temperatures and humidity than the outdoors, and outdoor weather encouraging reduced natural ventilation and reduced airflow.How do VOCs affect your health?VOCs can vary greatly in their composition: some VOCs, such as benzene (a known carcinogen), are highly toxic. Like other pollutants, VOCs can create serious health concerns depending on an individual’s length of exposure.Short-term effects include:15 irritation of eyes, nose, throat headaches breathing problems Long-term health impacts can include:16,17,18 sick building sickness allergies and asthma cancer kidney damage VOCs may affect cardiovascular function. A 2015 study published in Atmospheric Environment indicated that some VOC types were associated with elevated heart rate and had a negative impact on the brachial arteries.19By contributing to the formation of ozone and PM2.5, VOCs also indirectly contribute to the significant health effects of both of these pollutants.What are the environmental effects of VOCs?VOCs play a significant role in the formation of ozone and PM2.5, both of which contribute to creating smog. VOCs and nitrogen oxides act as precursors which, under sunlight, react to create ozone and PM2.5, significantly contributing to urban outdoor air pollution.In contributing to the formation of ozone, VOCs indirectly damage plant life, including decreased crop yields and increased plant susceptibility to disease.Are VOCs greenhouse gases?VOCs are not a significant direct contributor to greenhouse gases. Instead, VOCs are considered indirect greenhouse gases because they contribute to climate change indirectly through chemical processes.20 VOCs and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight to create tropospheric ozone, or ground-level ozone. Tropospheric ozone is the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane because ozone absorbs the sun’s radiation and raises the temperature. What can be done to reduce VOCs in your environment?To protect yourself from indoor concentrations of VOCs, minimize the number of VOC sources in your home. There are several ways to reduce your VOC exposure, such as:21,22 use air-tight containers to store VOC-containing products keep chemicals with VOCs in them away from people in a garage or shed if possible dispose of unused chemicals through your community’s household hazardous waste collection system try not to purchase aerosol consumer products purchase water-based paints rather than solvent-based renovate the home when it is unoccupied if possible when driving, use a car air purifier like the Atem Car A VOC-specific air purifier like the GC series can be configured by filter to eliminate VOCs and clean the air. You can also keep windows open and ventilate the indoor environment with fresh air to dilute and lower VOC concentrations.City and rural pollutants have a real impact on the world’s citizens, both in lives lost and in economic sustainability. Despite air quality improvements through regulations, the cost of air pollution is high in too many nations. Check out our Cost of Air Pollution counter and uncover how clean air can help preserve health and life while alleviating harm to the global economy.","

What are VOCs?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds emitted as gases from solids or liquids.

VOCs are volatile because they easily evaporate at room temperature and are organic compounds because they include carbon. VOCs are wide-ranging and have varying levels of toxicity.

What are some examples of VOCs?

A partial list of notable toxic VOCs includes: ^1,2,3

acetone
benzene
formaldehyde
styrene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
xylene

Methane is an organic compound and is listed as a VOC by some government environmental regulatory agencies.⁴ However, regulatory agencies separate methane from other VOCs for several reasons:

low photochemical reactivity
doesn’t contribute as much to the formation of ground-level ozone as other VOCs
provides a strong direct contribution to climate change

Where do VOCs come from?

VOCs are emitted from a wide array of sources, partially varying due to geography. Cities see their largest contributions from vehicle emissions, while industrial and suburban sources may come more from fossil fuel burning and waste emissions.⁵

VOC emissions are a concern for all nations. For example, a 2018 study published in Atmospheric Environment found that open burning of maize crop residue resulted in 79 tons of VOC emissions in northern Thailand.⁶

In Delhi, India, 80 percent of VOCs in the city’s air came from traffic emissions and solid fuel burning.⁷

The top ten industrial emitters of VOCs in Canada during 2017 contributed a combined 55,000 tonnes of VOCs into the atmosphere primarily through oil extraction and refining as well as through alcohol brewing. ⁸

VOC sources include:^9,10

paints
aerosol sprays
printing inks
cleaning products
wood preservatives
cleansers and disinfectants
building materials
feedstock
home firewood burning
oil and gas industry
fuel
bacteria
propane
ethanol
butane
white spirits

Vehicle fuel combustion is an important source of VOCs. However, VOCs aren’t solely from vehicle tailpipes: toxic VOCs can be emitted through off-gassing chemicals inside car interiors.

Pleasant-smelling products can actively emit VOCs. For instance, the “new car smell” experienced during a new vehicle purchase is an example of interior car parts off-gassing.¹¹ Research conducted by the non-profit Ecology Center determined that there was a cocktail of hundreds of toxic chemicals that off-gas within car interiors.

Car air fresheners and home air fresheners emit VOCs.¹² A 2011 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that over 100 VOCs were emitted by scented consumer goods.

Scented candles have been found to negatively influence indoor air quality as they emit VOCs even when unlit.¹³ A 2015 study published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials found that though the composition of VOCs differed depending upon whether scented candles were lit or unlit, scented candles were strong indoor sources of VOC emissions in either state.
\n\n
\n\nIndoor concentrations of VOCs are on average 2-5 times higher than outdoors.¹⁴ VOC concentrations can be higher indoors due to inadequate ventilation, higher temperatures and humidity than the outdoors, and outdoor weather encouraging reduced natural ventilation and reduced airflow.

How do VOCs affect your health?

VOCs can vary greatly in their composition: some VOCs, such as benzene (a known carcinogen), are highly toxic. Like other pollutants, VOCs can create serious health concerns depending on an individual’s length of exposure.

Short-term effects include:¹⁵

irritation of eyes, nose, throat
headaches
breathing problems

Long-term health impacts can include:^16,17,18

sick building sickness
allergies and asthma
cancer
kidney damage

VOCs may affect cardiovascular function. A 2015 study published in Atmospheric Environment indicated that some VOC types were associated with elevated heart rate and had a negative impact on the brachial arteries.¹⁹

By contributing to the formation of ozone and PM2.5, VOCs also indirectly contribute to the significant health effects of both of these pollutants.

What are the environmental effects of VOCs?

VOCs play a significant role in the formation of ozone and PM2.5, both of which contribute to creating smog. VOCs and nitrogen oxides act as precursors which, under sunlight, react to create ozone and PM2.5, significantly contributing to urban outdoor air pollution.

In contributing to the formation of ozone, VOCs indirectly damage plant life, including decreased crop yields and increased plant susceptibility to disease.

Are VOCs greenhouse gases?

VOCs are not a significant direct contributor to greenhouse gases. Instead, VOCs are considered indirect greenhouse gases because they contribute to climate change indirectly through chemical processes.²⁰

VOCs and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight to create tropospheric ozone, or ground-level ozone. Tropospheric ozone is the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane because ozone absorbs the sun’s radiation and raises the temperature.

What can be done to reduce VOCs in your environment?

To protect yourself from indoor concentrations of VOCs, minimize the number of VOC sources in your home. There are several ways to reduce your VOC exposure, such as:^21,22

use air-tight containers to store VOC-containing products
keep chemicals with VOCs in them away from people in a garage or shed if possible
dispose of unused chemicals through your community’s household hazardous waste collection system
try not to purchase aerosol consumer products
purchase water-based paints rather than solvent-based
renovate the home when it is unoccupied if possible
when driving, use a car air purifier like the Atem Car\n

A VOC-specific air purifier like the GC series can be configured by filter to eliminate VOCs and clean the air. You can also keep windows open and ventilate the indoor environment with fresh air to dilute and lower VOC concentrations.

City and rural pollutants have a real impact on the world’s citizens, both in lives lost and in economic sustainability. Despite air quality improvements through regulations, the cost of air pollution is high in too many nations. Check out our Cost of Air Pollution counter and uncover how clean air can help preserve health and life while alleviating harm to the global economy.

","volatile-organic-compounds","gid://shopify/Article/564859240526","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/volatile-organic-compounds","2016-07-04T17:24:39Z",[179,14],"Volatile Organic Compounds",{"_66":396,"_80":397,"_82":398,"_84":399,"_86":400},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269505298510","Cans of spray paint","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/20160704-aerosol-spray-paint_af88bf4e-041a-477e-9eaa-4831f3f4e2d8.jpg?v=1751894907",1024,685,{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Ammonia (NH3) is a corrosive, colorless gas with a distinctive, pungent odor that causes air pollution as a secondary particulate precursor. Learn more.","What is ammonia?Ammonia (NH3) is a corrosive, colorless gas with a distinctive, pungent odor. Commonly found in nature, ammonia can also be stored as a liquid at high pressure and is easily soluble in water. Ammonia deposits itself in wet and dry forms on land, plants, soils, and water.Chemically, ammonia is NH3 when un-ionized and NH4+ when ionized.Ammonia is an air pollutant and a secondary particulate precursor. It combines with other compounds in the atmosphere like nitric and sulphate acids to form ammonium salts, a harmful form of fine particulate matter.1Where does it come from?Ammonia comes from both natural and man-made sources. Natural sources include: decaying organic matter human and animal waste Man-made sources of ammonia include: fertilizer manufacturing industrial processes waste disposal sites Agriculture produces a great deal of ammonia pollution through both animal waste and fertilizer manufacturing and use. The majority of airborne ammonia comes from fertilizer, some of which is carried from inland farms to nearby cities.A 2017 paper published in Geophysical Research Letters identified numerous atmospheric ammonia hotspots generated through farming and animal husbandry. 2 The most intense hotspots identified included: The American Midwest Central Europe Western Europe Central Africa West Africa Siberia Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia The causes behind ammonia hotspots can vary by region. In the American Midwest, NH3 production may result from increasing temperatures and improved regulations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides, which occurred due to acid rain reduction efforts.In South Asia, levels of atmospheric ammonia are often eclipsed by increases in SO2 and nitrogen oxides.What is ammonia used for?In addition to being a pollutant, ammonia is an essential nitrogen-containing nutrient produced by plant and animal decomposition as well as being excreted by animals. Ammonia can then be converted to nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) by bacteria. At this point, ammonia has been converted into a nutrient for plants.Because of ammonia’s nitrogen-containing properties, 90 percent of commercially produced ammonia is used in fertilizer. Ammonia can also be used on its own or as an ingredient in household cleaning products, where it is effective at removing vegetable oil and animal fat stains.Other commercial uses for ammonia include: 3 plastics fabrics pharmaceuticals dyes pesticides explosives manufacturing nitrogen stabilizer water purification refrigerant in air-conditioners How does ammonia affect human health?Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in the environment can cause irritation to eyes, nose and throat as well as skin.Long-term health concerns related to ammonia exposure include: severe cardiovascular and respiratory effects decreased lung function asthma aggravation premature death In August 2020, 78 people died from an ammonium nitrate blast in Beirut, Lebanon. A storage facility holding ammonium nitrate in small fertilizer pellets exploded near the cargo port while a major fire burned nearby. Though it is not certain the fire caused the explosion, the intensity of the nearby fire may have set off the explosion.4Ammonia also contributes to the formation of harmful PM2.5. According to a 2011 technical note published in the Journal of Dairy Science, ammonia can form particulates in the atmosphere through chemical reactions with sulfuric and nitric acids. 5 Ammonia produced by livestock operations alone may contribute 5 percent to 20 percent of atmospheric PM2.5 in the United States on average, depending on the region and time of year.Serious health risks associated with PM2.5, short-term impacts, such as: burning of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract fatigue coughing nose and throat irritation6 What are the environmental effects of ammonia?Ammonia can contribute to the environmentally damaging processes of soil acidification and eutrophication of water bodies. Ammonia and nitrogen deposits from ammonia emissions harm biodiversity by encouraging species adapted to high nutrient-fueled growth to outcompete other species. This may lead to extinctions and changes to habitats.7Wetland lichen and mosses can be damaged by minimal ammonia exposure, while grasslands and forests are also vulnerable.Ammonia in vehicle tailpipe emissions, when combined with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, contributes to smog in major cities. A 2017 paper published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology found that urban vehicle emissions in the American cities of Denver, Houston, and Philadelphia and in the Chinese cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Shijiazhuang were the largest contributors to local smog in those cities.8Ammonia is co-emitted with nitrogen oxides, creating brown-colored ammonium nitrate. Though farms are a major source of ammonia emissions, smog in cities like Salt Lake City and those studied in the paper can be problematic even in winter when fertilizer is used at much lower levels than during peak agricultural seasons. Three quarters of PM2.5 particles found in the air in Salt Lake City’s 2017 winter were found to be ammonia nitrate.9What can be done about ammonia in my environment?People are regularly exposed to naturally-occurring ammonia found in the air, soil, and water. It’s regularly found in rainwater. Near hazardous waste sites, it can be found at dangerous levels attached to soil particles, in bodies of water, and as a gas in the air. Though ammonia doesn’t last long in the environment, it can linger in the air for up to a week.10It’s easy to smell ammonia given its strong odor. People often associate the smell with household cleaners like window cleaners and floor waxes.Airborne ammonia and ammonia compounds can be filtered out of rooms with air purifiers designed to specifically filter airborne ammonia, such as the GC AM.What are other air pollutants that affect your air quality?There are many pollutants that can be monitored to help increase understanding of specific air quality issues, including: asbestos benzene black carbon carbon dioxide carbon monoxide lead nitrogen dioxide ozone PM10 PM2.5 sulphur dioxide volatile organic compounds (VOCs) The Clean Air Act regulates six criteria of air pollutants in the United States:11 carbon monoxide lead nitrogen oxides ground-level ozone particulate matter sulphur dioxides Even though there have been improvements made to air quality through regulation, the world’s cities struggle with air pollution’s human and financial costs. Check out our Cost of Air Pollution counter and learn how clean air can help preserve health and life while alleviating harm to the global economy.","

What is ammonia?

Ammonia (NH₃) is a corrosive, colorless gas with a distinctive, pungent odor. Commonly found in nature, ammonia can also be stored as a liquid at high pressure and is easily soluble in water. Ammonia deposits itself in wet and dry forms on land, plants, soils, and water.

Chemically, ammonia is NH₃ when un-ionized and NH₄₊ when ionized.

Ammonia is an air pollutant and a secondary particulate precursor. It combines with other compounds in the atmosphere like nitric and sulphate acids to form ammonium salts, a harmful form of fine particulate matter.¹

Where does it come from?

Ammonia comes from both natural and man-made sources. Natural sources include:

decaying organic matter
human and animal waste

Man-made sources of ammonia include:

fertilizer manufacturing
industrial processes
waste disposal sites

Agriculture produces a great deal of ammonia pollution through both animal waste and fertilizer manufacturing and use. The majority of airborne ammonia comes from fertilizer, some of which is carried from inland farms to nearby cities.

A 2017 paper published in Geophysical Research Letters identified numerous atmospheric ammonia hotspots generated through farming and animal husbandry. ² The most intense hotspots identified included:

The American Midwest
Central Europe
Western Europe
Central Africa
West Africa
Siberia
Central Asia
East Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia

The causes behind ammonia hotspots can vary by region. In the American Midwest, NH₃ production may result from increasing temperatures and improved regulations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides, which occurred due to acid rain reduction efforts.

In South Asia, levels of atmospheric ammonia are often eclipsed by increases in SO₂ and nitrogen oxides.

What is ammonia used for?

In addition to being a pollutant, ammonia is an essential nitrogen-containing nutrient produced by plant and animal decomposition as well as being excreted by animals. Ammonia can then be converted to nitrite (NO₂) and nitrate (NO₃) by bacteria. At this point, ammonia has been converted into a nutrient for plants.

Because of ammonia’s nitrogen-containing properties, 90 percent of commercially produced ammonia is used in fertilizer. Ammonia can also be used on its own or as an ingredient in household cleaning products, where it is effective at removing vegetable oil and animal fat stains.

Other commercial uses for ammonia include: ³

plastics
fabrics
pharmaceuticals
dyes
pesticides
explosives manufacturing
nitrogen stabilizer
water purification
refrigerant in air-conditioners

How does ammonia affect human health?

Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in the environment can cause irritation to eyes, nose and throat as well as skin.

Long-term health concerns related to ammonia exposure include:

severe cardiovascular and respiratory effects
decreased lung function
asthma aggravation
premature death

In August 2020, 78 people died from an ammonium nitrate blast in Beirut, Lebanon. A storage facility holding ammonium nitrate in small fertilizer pellets exploded near the cargo port while a major fire burned nearby. Though it is not certain the fire caused the explosion, the intensity of the nearby fire may have set off the explosion.⁴

Ammonia also contributes to the formation of harmful PM2.5. According to a 2011 technical note published in the Journal of Dairy Science, ammonia can form particulates in the atmosphere through chemical reactions with sulfuric and nitric acids. ⁵ Ammonia produced by livestock operations alone may contribute 5 percent to 20 percent of atmospheric PM2.5 in the United States on average, depending on the region and time of year.

Serious health risks associated with PM2.5, short-term impacts, such as:

burning of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract
fatigue
coughing
nose and throat irritation⁶\n

What are the environmental effects of ammonia?

Ammonia can contribute to the environmentally damaging processes of soil acidification and eutrophication of water bodies. Ammonia and nitrogen deposits from ammonia emissions harm biodiversity by encouraging species adapted to high nutrient-fueled growth to outcompete other species. This may lead to extinctions and changes to habitats.⁷

Wetland lichen and mosses can be damaged by minimal ammonia exposure, while grasslands and forests are also vulnerable.

Ammonia in vehicle tailpipe emissions, when combined with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, contributes to smog in major cities. A 2017 paper published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology found that urban vehicle emissions in the American cities of Denver, Houston, and Philadelphia and in the Chinese cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Shijiazhuang were the largest contributors to local smog in those cities.⁸

Ammonia is co-emitted with nitrogen oxides, creating brown-colored ammonium nitrate. Though farms are a major source of ammonia emissions, smog in cities like Salt Lake City and those studied in the paper can be problematic even in winter when fertilizer is used at much lower levels than during peak agricultural seasons. Three quarters of PM2.5 particles found in the air in Salt Lake City’s 2017 winter were found to be ammonia nitrate.⁹

What can be done about ammonia in my environment?

People are regularly exposed to naturally-occurring ammonia found in the air, soil, and water. It’s regularly found in rainwater. Near hazardous waste sites, it can be found at dangerous levels attached to soil particles, in bodies of water, and as a gas in the air. Though ammonia doesn’t last long in the environment, it can linger in the air for up to a week.¹⁰

It’s easy to smell ammonia given its strong odor. People often associate the smell with household cleaners like window cleaners and floor waxes.

Airborne ammonia and ammonia compounds can be filtered out of rooms with air purifiers designed to specifically filter airborne ammonia, such as the GC AM.

What are other air pollutants that affect your air quality?

There are many pollutants that can be monitored to help increase understanding of specific air quality issues, including:

asbestos
benzene
black carbon
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
lead
nitrogen dioxide
ozone
PM10
PM2.5
sulphur dioxide
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

The Clean Air Act regulates six criteria of air pollutants in the United States:¹¹

carbon monoxide
lead
nitrogen oxides
ground-level ozone
particulate matter
sulphur dioxides

Even though there have been improvements made to air quality through regulation, the world’s cities struggle with air pollution’s human and financial costs. Check out our Cost of Air Pollution counter and learn how clean air can help preserve health and life while alleviating harm to the global economy.

","ammonia","gid://shopify/Article/564859404366","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/ammonia","2016-07-12T17:24:39Z",[179,14],"Ammonia",{"_66":413,"_80":414,"_82":415,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269355778126","Crop field","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/Ammon_Desk_a.jpg?v=1750321064",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"AQI (Air Quality Index) measures air pollutant concentration to warn of health risks. Learn more.","AQI, or Air Quality Index, is a system for translating sometimes confusing or unintuitive pollutant concentration measurements, into one easy-to-understand scale to clearly represent the health risk posed by ambient air pollution. The index formula usually considers up to 6 main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone), and calculates the respective health risk (or AQI number) for each one at any given time. The overall AQI number at a given moment is dictated by the \"riskiest\" pollutant, with the highest AQI number. The index ranges from 0 to 500, where high index values indicate higher levels of air pollution and higher potential for adverse health effects. Any value larger than 300, for example, is considered to be hazardous, while an AQI value of 0-50, on the other hand, represents good air quality. AQI is computed in different ways around the world. China and America have the two most widely used systems. Both are calculated weighting the six key pollutants. The results of these two functions differ only in AQI scores of 200 and below. Since the American index system yields higher scores for AQI’s under 200, it is thought to be more strenuous. For this reason, the American index has become the general world standard. AirVisual uses the US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards to calculate AQI and attribute code color. Both US and Chinese AQI systems are available on the AirVisual app and Node. The standards are as follows: 0-50, “Good” Air quality is satisfactory and poses little or no health risk. Ventilating your home is recommended. Recommendations Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. We recommend opening your windows and ventilating your home to bring in fresh, oxygen-rich air. 51-100, “Moderate” Air quality is acceptable and poses little health risk. Sensitive individuals should avoid outdoor activity as they may experience respiratory symptoms. Recommendations Sensitive groups should greatly reduce outdoor exercise. Ventilation is discouraged, and windows should be closed to avoid dirty outdoor air. 101-150, “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups” General public and sensitive individuals in particular are at risk to experience irritation and respiratory problems. Recommendations The general public should greatly reduce outdoor exertion. Sensitive groups should avoid all outdoor activity and should take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on if indoor air quality is unhealthy. 151-200, “Unhealthy” Increased likelihood of adverse effects and aggravation to the heart and lungs among general public - particularly for sensitive groups. Recommendations Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on. 201-300, “Very Unhealthy” General public will be noticeably affected. Sensitive groups will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals should remain indoors and restrict activities. Recommendations Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on. 301-500+, “Hazardous” General public and sensitive groups are at high risk to experience strong irritations and adverse health effects that could trigger other illnesses. Everyone should avoid exercise and remain indoors. Recommendations Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on. **Sensitive groups include children, elderly and pregnant people or those suffering from cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Return to AirVisual Knowledge Base","

AQI, or Air Quality Index, is a system for translating sometimes confusing or unintuitive pollutant concentration measurements, into one easy-to-understand scale to clearly represent the health risk posed by ambient air pollution. The index formula usually considers up to 6 main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone), and calculates the respective health risk (or AQI number) for each one at any given time. The overall AQI number at a given moment is dictated by the \"riskiest\" pollutant, with the highest AQI number.

The index ranges from 0 to 500, where high index values indicate higher levels of air pollution and higher potential for adverse health effects. Any value larger than 300, for example, is considered to be hazardous, while an AQI value of 0-50, on the other hand, represents good air quality.

AQI is computed in different ways around the world. China and America have the two most widely used systems. Both are calculated weighting the six key pollutants. The results of these two functions differ only in AQI scores of 200 and below.

Since the American index system yields higher scores for AQI’s under 200, it is thought to be more strenuous. For this reason, the American index has become the general world standard.

AirVisual uses the US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards to calculate AQI and attribute code color. Both US and Chinese AQI systems are available on the AirVisual app and Node.

The standards are as follows:

0-50, “Good”

Air quality is satisfactory and poses little or no health risk. Ventilating your home is recommended.

Recommendations

Enjoy your usual outdoor activities. We recommend opening your windows and ventilating your home to bring in fresh, oxygen-rich air.

51-100, “Moderate”

Air quality is acceptable and poses little health risk. Sensitive individuals should avoid outdoor activity as they may experience respiratory symptoms.

Recommendations

Sensitive groups should greatly reduce outdoor exercise. Ventilation is discouraged, and windows should be closed to avoid dirty outdoor air.

101-150, “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups”

General public and sensitive individuals in particular are at risk to experience irritation and respiratory problems.

Recommendations

The general public should greatly reduce outdoor exertion. Sensitive groups should avoid all outdoor activity and should take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on if indoor air quality is unhealthy.

151-200, “Unhealthy”

Increased likelihood of adverse effects and aggravation to the heart and lungs among general public - particularly for sensitive groups.

Recommendations

Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on.

201-300, “Very Unhealthy”

General public will be noticeably affected. Sensitive groups will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals should remain indoors and restrict activities.

Recommendations

Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on.

301-500+, “Hazardous”

General public and sensitive groups are at high risk to experience strong irritations and adverse health effects that could trigger other illnesses. Everyone should avoid exercise and remain indoors.

Recommendations

Everyone should avoid outdoor exercise and take care to wear a pollution mask outdoors. Ventilation is discouraged. Air purifiers should be turned on.

**Sensitive groups include children, elderly and pregnant people or those suffering from cardiac or pulmonary diseases.

$\"AQI$

Return to AirVisual Knowledge Base

","resources-what-is-aqi","gid://shopify/Article/564854620238","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/resources-what-is-aqi","2016-10-11T22:16:38Z",[179,14],"What is AQI?",{"_66":428,"_80":429,"_82":430,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269652262990","World Heat Map_1","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/KB_AV_Desktopc_7244eaaf-7624-414a-94b8-a73a361fe1f3.jpg?v=1753090920",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn more about ultrafine particles (UFPs), which can be as small as 0.003 microns.","What are ultrafine particles? The term ultrafine particles (UFPs) refers to airborne particulate matter smaller than 0.1 micron in diameter (sometimes called PM0.1). Some UFPs measure as small as 0.003 microns. UFPs are considered among the most dangerous particle pollutants due to their small size, which allows them to be breathed into the lungs and pass into the bloodstream through the lungs. Click here to see why particle size matters. UFPs are among the most dangerous particles due to their small size, which allows them to be breathed into the lungs and pass into the bloodstream. Their small, nanoscale size and behavior makes UFPs difficult to monitor using current air quality monitoring technology. This size also causes airborne UFPs to move through the air in ways distinct from fine particles like PM2.5 and PM1, moving in random patterns more similar to gases than other particles. Unlike PM2.5 and other particles, no official standards exist to measure or regulate airborne UFPs, although estimates suggest that over 90% of airborne particles in the air at any given time are UFPs.1 Despite the lack of regulation, research has increasingly suggested that UFPs often exist at much higher concentrations than other particle pollutants and may be linked to an even wider range of adverse health effects than fine or coarse particles like PM1, PM2.5, or PM10. What are the sources of ultrafine particles? Ultrafine particles are most commonly emitted through combustion from natural or human sources. Human activity is believed to be responsible for the largest share of UFPs due to the prevalence of UFPs in cities, where global industrialization and population growth have had the most notable impact on air pollution.2 Human activity is believed to be responsible for the largest share of UFPs because of global industrialization and population growth. A 2019 study in Environment International found that UFP concentrations tend to be higher during the day in close correlation with changes in vehicle traffic and near busy roadways, further suggesting the outsized impact of human activity on UFPs.3 Natural sources Natural sources of UFPs include: volcanic lava and ash smoke from wildfires aerosols in ocean mist Due to the temporary nature of these sources, UFPs from volcanos and ocean sources aren't considered particularly problematic. Global wind currents quickly disperse these UFPs into low concentrations that pose little threat to human health, with the exception of major volcanic eruptions whose smoke can travel thousands of miles.4 UFPs in wildfire smoke, however, have gained attention due to more frequent and severe wildfires in recent years. A 2021 study in Particle and Fibre Toxicology found that even short-term exposure to UFPs in wildfire smoke may significantly increase risks of respiratory and cardiovascular disease.5 Even short-term exposure to UFPs in wildfire smoke may significantly increase risks of heart and lung diseases. Human sources The most common human sources of UFPs include: vehicle exhaust diesel exhaust natural gas and biofuel emissions6 airplane emissions factory and industrial emissions power plant emissions burning of garbage cigarettes, cigars, and vaping7 indoor cooking8 controlled burns indoor vacuuming9 bacteria viruses use of office machines like printers and copiers Human sources of UFPs like vehicles and industry can pose great health risks because they emit new particles over long periods of time, as vehicle traffic and industrial activity occur continuously around the world. Furthermore, many human sources of UFPs are more prevalent in large urban areas, posing significant dangers to the 4.4 billion people currently living in cities (approximately 55 percent of an estimated 8 billion people).10,11 Many human sources of UFPs are more prevalent in large urban areas, posing significant dangers to the 4.4 billion people currently living in cities. How do ultrafine particles affect our health? The full health impacts of UFPs are still being investigated to differentiate the specific dangers of UFPs in contrast to other types of air pollution. However, it’s largely undisputed that UFPs cause oxidative stress to tissues throughout your body that can cause systemic harm, penetrating deep into lung tissue, the bloodstream, the brain, and almost every other organ.12 UFPs cause systemic harm, penetrating deep into lung tissue, the bloodstream, the brain, and almost every other organ. A 2020 review article in Experimental and Molecular Medicine found substantial evidence that UFP exposure increases the risk of:13 lung inflammation high blood pressure ischemic heart disease atherosclerosis (plaque buildup or \"hardening\" of arteries) heart attacks heart failure chronic cough nerve damage brain damage loss of cognitive function digestive problems diabetes increased risk of many cancers skin damage Can ultrafine particles affect indoor air quality? Like other particle pollutants, UFPs in outdoor air can enter indoor spaces through cracks and leaks in buildings as well as through windows, doors, and other openings in a home or building envelope. This can be especially problematic for older or poorly built homes during periods of high UFP concentrations, such as wildfires or volcanic eruptions. A 2019 study conducted in the U.S. state of Colorado found that indoor concentrations of particulate matter could be up to 4.6 times higher than outdoor concentrations in the absence of natural ventilation sources like wind.14 UFPs from indoor sources, such as kitchens or biomass fuel burning, can also build up to dangerously high concentrations, especially in airtight energy-efficient homes, and carry a risk of additional health effects. A 2007 review article in Indoor Air found that exposure to high levels of indoor UFPs during childhood can cause lung damage and inflammation that increases a child’s risk of developing lifelong asthma.15 Exposure to high levels of UFPs during childhood can cause lung damage and inflammation that increases a child’s risk of developing lifelong asthma. Tips to reduce ultrafine particles Here are some actions that individuals and organizations can take to help reduce UFPs: Choose commuting options that help reduce vehicle traffic, such as walking, cycling, public transportation, or ride sharing. Purchase an electric or hydrogen-powered vehicle to replace personal vehicles that have combustion engines. Install solar energy systems in homes or workplaces to help reduce strain on the electrical grid. Replace diesel-powered fleets with fuel-efficient or electric transportation vehicles. Reduce or avoid any type of indoor burning, including scented candles and wood in fireplaces. Use a kitchen range hood to help reduce particulate pollutants as well as other smoke and gas pollutants after you cook. Limit indoor vacuuming to once a week or as needed, or use a vacuum with a HEPA filter. Reduce or quit smoking cigarettes, cigars, or vaping products. Should ultrafine particles be regulated? Until UFPs are subject to new standards and regulations, little can be done to enforce control of UFP emissions by major contributors like factories, manufacturing facilities, and automobile manufacturers whose vehicles produce exhaust filled with UFPs. Some organizations have conducted independent studies of regional UFP emissions in order to better understand the sources, patterns, and health effects of UFPs and contribute to future monitoring technology and regulation. In 2014, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) completed a study of UFPs in the U.S. San Francisco Bay Area, home to nearly 8 million people.16 The report indicates that even a small rise in UFPs could increase hospitalizations from heart and lung conditions by nearly 20% and increase the risk of death from these conditions by over 2%. This report suggests the high stakes involved in regulating and reducing UFPs. A report on the San Francisco Bay Area found that even a small rise in UFPs could increase hospitalizations from heart and lung conditions by nearly 20%. A 2016 report published by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology also concluded that the notable harm that UFPs cause to the body, including damage to DNA and increased risk of allergy sensitization, warranted special regulatory attention.17 A 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) workshop also concluded that investment by U.S. automobile manufacturers in UFP monitoring could help better isolate combustion engine mechanisms that lead to UFP emissions, paving the way for more efficient technologies that reduce UFP emissions altogether.18 Some progress has been made on the ability to monitor UFPs. A 2021 study in Science of the Total Environment suggests the use of cyclone sampling for measuring UFPs.19Using centrifugal forces to separate UFPs from other airborne matter, cyclone sampling has been successful in measuring bioaerosols containing viral particles like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). But with improvements in efficacy, cyclone sampling may be able to measure other UFPs quickly and accurately while uncovering the nuances of exposure. Using cyclone sampling, a 2020 study in urban China found that UFP exposure varies throughout the day (0.13 μg/m3 to 240.8 μg/m3) and is highest during commutes. A 2020 study involving high school students in urban China used this cyclone sampling technique to suggest two key patterns in personal UFP exposure:20 Exposure to UFPs can vary widely throughout the day from 0.13 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) to 240.8 μg/m3. The highest UFP concentrations were mostly found indoors, especially in hospitals, household kitchens, or bedrooms less than 10 meters (32.8 feet) from a roadway. UFP exposure is highest during commutes. Student participants faced much higher UFP concentrations traveling between home to school or when leaving school facilities for meals than during any other time of the day. More studies like this can help target regulation towards the most significant UFP sources indoors and out, such as cooking areas or busy roadways, and help protect those who frequently travel between indoor and outdoor spaces affected by UFPs. Takeaway UFPs are among the most dangerous and prevalent airborne pollutants, with a wide variety of noted health effects. However, no regulatory standards exist to control UFP emissions. Many science and health organizations are increasingly calling for investment into research that will improve understanding of how to measure, regulate, and reduce UFPs to prevent their sinister health effects.21 Individuals and organizations alike can take measures to help reduce and prevent UFP emissions entirely by changing behaviors related to transportation, energy usage, and daily lifestyle habits.","

What are ultrafine particles?

The term ultrafine particles (UFPs) refers to airborne particulate matter smaller than 0.1 micron in diameter (sometimes called PM0.1). Some UFPs measure as small as 0.003 microns.

UFPs are considered among the most dangerous particle pollutants due to their small size, which allows them to be breathed into the lungs and pass into the bloodstream through the lungs.

Click here to see why particle size matters.

UFPs are among the most dangerous particles due to their small size, which allows them to be breathed into the lungs and pass into the bloodstream.

Their small, nanoscale size and behavior makes UFPs difficult to monitor using current air quality monitoring technology. This size also causes airborne UFPs to move through the air in ways distinct from fine particles like PM2.5 and PM1, moving in random patterns more similar to gases than other particles.

Unlike PM2.5 and other particles, no official standards exist to measure or regulate airborne UFPs, although estimates suggest that over 90% of airborne particles in the air at any given time are UFPs.¹

Despite the lack of regulation, research has increasingly suggested that UFPs often exist at much higher concentrations than other particle pollutants and may be linked to an even wider range of adverse health effects than fine or coarse particles like PM1, PM2.5, or PM10.

What are the sources of ultrafine particles?

Ultrafine particles are most commonly emitted through combustion from natural or human sources. Human activity is believed to be responsible for the largest share of UFPs due to the prevalence of UFPs in cities, where global industrialization and population growth have had the most notable impact on air pollution.²

Human activity is believed to be responsible for the largest share of UFPs because of global industrialization and population growth.

A 2019 study in Environment International found that UFP concentrations tend to be higher during the day in close correlation with changes in vehicle traffic and near busy roadways, further suggesting the outsized impact of human activity on UFPs.³

Natural sources

Natural sources of UFPs include:

volcanic lava and ash
smoke from wildfires
aerosols in ocean mist

Due to the temporary nature of these sources, UFPs from volcanos and ocean sources aren't considered particularly problematic. Global wind currents quickly disperse these UFPs into low concentrations that pose little threat to human health, with the exception of major volcanic eruptions whose smoke can travel thousands of miles.⁴

UFPs in wildfire smoke, however, have gained attention due to more frequent and severe wildfires in recent years. A 2021 study in Particle and Fibre Toxicology found that even short-term exposure to UFPs in wildfire smoke may significantly increase risks of respiratory and cardiovascular disease.⁵

Even short-term exposure to UFPs in wildfire smoke may significantly increase risks of heart and lung diseases.

Human sources

The most common human sources of UFPs include:

vehicle exhaust
diesel exhaust
natural gas and biofuel emissions⁶\n
airplane emissions
factory and industrial emissions
power plant emissions
burning of garbage
cigarettes, cigars, and vaping⁷\n
indoor cooking⁸\n
controlled burns
\nindoor vacuuming⁹\n
bacteria
viruses
use of office machines like printers and copiers

Human sources of UFPs like vehicles and industry can pose great health risks because they emit new particles over long periods of time, as vehicle traffic and industrial activity occur continuously around the world.

Furthermore, many human sources of UFPs are more prevalent in large urban areas, posing significant dangers to the 4.4 billion people currently living in cities (approximately 55 percent of an estimated 8 billion people).^10,11

Many human sources of UFPs are more prevalent in large urban areas, posing significant dangers to the 4.4 billion people currently living in cities.

How do ultrafine particles affect our health?

The full health impacts of UFPs are still being investigated to differentiate the specific dangers of UFPs in contrast to other types of air pollution.

However, it’s largely undisputed that UFPs cause oxidative stress to tissues throughout your body that can cause systemic harm, penetrating deep into lung tissue, the bloodstream, the brain, and almost every other organ.¹²

UFPs cause systemic harm, penetrating deep into lung tissue, the bloodstream, the brain, and almost every other organ.

A 2020 review article in Experimental and Molecular Medicine found substantial evidence that UFP exposure increases the risk of:¹³

lung inflammation
high blood pressure
ischemic heart disease
atherosclerosis (plaque buildup or \"hardening\" of arteries)
heart attacks
heart failure
chronic cough
nerve damage
brain damage
loss of cognitive function
digestive problems
diabetes
increased risk of many cancers
skin damage

Can ultrafine particles affect indoor air quality?

Like other particle pollutants, UFPs in outdoor air can enter indoor spaces through cracks and leaks in buildings as well as through windows, doors, and other openings in a home or building envelope.

This can be especially problematic for older or poorly built homes during periods of high UFP concentrations, such as wildfires or volcanic eruptions.

A 2019 study conducted in the U.S. state of Colorado found that indoor concentrations of particulate matter could be up to 4.6 times higher than outdoor concentrations in the absence of natural ventilation sources like wind.¹⁴

UFPs from indoor sources, such as kitchens or biomass fuel burning, can also build up to dangerously high concentrations, especially in airtight energy-efficient homes, and carry a risk of additional health effects.

A 2007 review article in Indoor Air found that exposure to high levels of indoor UFPs during childhood can cause lung damage and inflammation that increases a child’s risk of developing lifelong asthma.¹⁵

Exposure to high levels of UFPs during childhood can cause lung damage and inflammation that increases a child’s risk of developing lifelong asthma.

Tips to reduce ultrafine particles

Here are some actions that individuals and organizations can take to help reduce UFPs:

\nChoose commuting options that help reduce vehicle traffic, such as walking, cycling, public transportation, or ride sharing.
\nPurchase an electric or hydrogen-powered vehicle to replace personal vehicles that have combustion engines.
\nInstall solar energy systems in homes or workplaces to help reduce strain on the electrical grid.
\nReplace diesel-powered fleets with fuel-efficient or electric transportation vehicles.
\nReduce or avoid any type of indoor burning, including scented candles and wood in fireplaces.
\nUse a kitchen range hood to help reduce particulate pollutants as well as other smoke and gas pollutants after you cook.
\nLimit indoor vacuuming to once a week or as needed, or use a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
\nReduce or quit smoking cigarettes, cigars, or vaping products.

Should ultrafine particles be regulated?

Until UFPs are subject to new standards and regulations, little can be done to enforce control of UFP emissions by major contributors like factories, manufacturing facilities, and automobile manufacturers whose vehicles produce exhaust filled with UFPs.

Some organizations have conducted independent studies of regional UFP emissions in order to better understand the sources, patterns, and health effects of UFPs and contribute to future monitoring technology and regulation.

In 2014, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) completed a study of UFPs in the U.S. San Francisco Bay Area, home to nearly 8 million people.¹⁶

The report indicates that even a small rise in UFPs could increase hospitalizations from heart and lung conditions by nearly 20% and increase the risk of death from these conditions by over 2%. This report suggests the high stakes involved in regulating and reducing UFPs.

A report on the San Francisco Bay Area found that even a small rise in UFPs could increase hospitalizations from heart and lung conditions by nearly 20%.

A 2016 report published by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology also concluded that the notable harm that UFPs cause to the body, including damage to DNA and increased risk of allergy sensitization, warranted special regulatory attention.¹⁷

A 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) workshop also concluded that investment by U.S. automobile manufacturers in UFP monitoring could help better isolate combustion engine mechanisms that lead to UFP emissions, paving the way for more efficient technologies that reduce UFP emissions altogether.¹⁸

Some progress has been made on the ability to monitor UFPs.

A 2021 study in Science of the Total Environment suggests the use of cyclone sampling for measuring UFPs.¹⁹Using centrifugal forces to separate UFPs from other airborne matter, cyclone sampling has been successful in measuring bioaerosols containing viral particles like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

But with improvements in efficacy, cyclone sampling may be able to measure other UFPs quickly and accurately while uncovering the nuances of exposure.

Using cyclone sampling, a 2020 study in urban China found that UFP exposure varies throughout the day (0.13 μg/m³ to 240.8 μg/m³) and is highest during commutes.

A 2020 study involving high school students in urban China used this cyclone sampling technique to suggest two key patterns in personal UFP exposure:²⁰

\nExposure to UFPs can vary widely throughout the day from 0.13 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) to 240.8 μg/m3. The highest UFP concentrations were mostly found indoors, especially in hospitals, household kitchens, or bedrooms less than 10 meters (32.8 feet) from a roadway.
\nUFP exposure is highest during commutes. Student participants faced much higher UFP concentrations traveling between home to school or when leaving school facilities for meals than during any other time of the day.

More studies like this can help target regulation towards the most significant UFP sources indoors and out, such as cooking areas or busy roadways, and help protect those who frequently travel between indoor and outdoor spaces affected by UFPs.

Takeaway

UFPs are among the most dangerous and prevalent airborne pollutants, with a wide variety of noted health effects. However, no regulatory standards exist to control UFP emissions.

Many science and health organizations are increasingly calling for investment into research that will improve understanding of how to measure, regulate, and reduce UFPs to prevent their sinister health effects.²¹

Individuals and organizations alike can take measures to help reduce and prevent UFP emissions entirely by changing behaviors related to transportation, energy usage, and daily lifestyle habits.

","ultrafine-particles","gid://shopify/Article/564855898190","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/ultrafine-particles","2020-06-01T17:25:00Z",[179,14],"Ultrafine particles",{"_66":443,"_80":444,"_82":445,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269464600654","3D render of an ultrafine particle","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_UFP_Desktop_A_946cdb78-0d72-4238-8556-8b8ac24996fa.jpg?v=1751450353",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"See how IQAir air quality data can quantify how much air pollution costs our health and our economies.","On a particularly smoggy day, it’s not hard to imagine the toll that air pollution takes on our health and lives. But what many don’t realize is that the total impact of air pollution on human life and the global economy may be far more severe than previously thought. In response to increased demand for data on the human cost of air pollution, IQAir and Greenpeace Southeast Asia have developed a cost estimator that calculates the health and economic costs of air pollution in some of the world’s biggest cities using the IQAir global air quality database. This estimate is based on an algorithm combining the following data inputs to calculate costs throughout an entire calendar year: real-time data from ground-level air quality sensors managed by the IQAir air quality database, including particulate matter with a diameter size of 2.5 microns or smaller (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data (where available) scientific risk models population and health data The cost estimator can then automatically calculate deaths and economic impact for many of the world’s major cities, some of which regularly appear on IQAir’s Most Polluted Cities ranking. Mortality and cost estimates are based on the total impact attributable to PM2.5 and NO2 over the preceding 365 days, apportioned day by day according to daily recorded pollutant levels. Inclusion of NO2 is dependent on data availability. 2020: Over 160,000 deaths in top 5 cities In 2020, our counter provided an alarming estimate of the cost of air pollution for the world’s top five most populous cities for the entire year in terms of lives and productivity lost:1 Tokyo, Japan: 40,000 deaths, $43 billion U.S. dollars (USD) (population: 37,000,000) New Delhi, India: 54,000 deaths, $8.1billion USD (population: 30,000,000) Shanghai, China: 39,000 deaths, $19billion USD (population: 27,100,000) Sao Paulo, Brazil: 15,000 deaths, $7.8 billion USD (population: 22,000,000) Mexico City, Mexico: 15,000 deaths, $7billion USD (population: 21,800,000) Total Deaths: 163,000Total Cost: $85.1billion USD That’s over 160,000 lives and $85.1billion USD lost in 2020 alone – in only five cities. And those five cities represent only 1.7% of the world population.2 In the top five most populous cities alone, air pollution caused over 160,000 deaths and cost $85.1billion USD during 2020 – and those five cities represent only 1.7% of the world population. The real cost of air pollution In a single year, major cities around the world lost hundreds of thousands of lives and well into the hundreds of billions of dollars. Data from 2021 already suggests that this alarming trend will continue. Try to imagine what those numbers look like for a world of nearly 8 billion people. It leaves us heavy-hearted. And when it comes to fighting against air pollution, knowledge is power. Data on lives and dollars lost is one of the most powerful tools we have to hold polluters and policy makers to account and change the air pollution story forever. That’s why IQAir and Greenpeace Southeast Asia partnered to produce the Cost of Air Pollution Counter. The Cost of Air Pollution Counter uses the same methodology as a 2020 report by Greenpeace that calculated shocking estimates of the costs of using of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas:3 4.5 million premature deaths each year due to air pollution from fossil fuels US $8 billion (3.3% of the world’s total gross domestic product or GDP) lost each day from reduced life expectancy, premature birth, illnesses that result in hospital visits and missed work, and financial burdens resulting from illnesses 40,000 deaths of children under five every year from PM2.5 exposure from fossil fuels 1.8 billion days of work lost from illnesses related to PM2.5from fossil fuels, resulting in economic losses of US$101 billion Fossil fuels cause 4.5 million premature deaths each year, cost $8 billion every day, cause 40,000 deaths of children younger than 5, and resulted in 1.8 billion days of work lost from illnesses related to PM2.5. The cost of reducing air pollution The cost of reducing air pollution by switching from polluting fuels like coal, oil, and gas to zero-emissions alternative energy sources like wind and solar may seem high. But the health costs and economic costs of air pollution are clearly much higher – and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are actually increasingly cheaper than polluting fossil fuels.4 The cost of reducing air pollution may seem high. But the health costs and economic costs of air pollution are clearly much higher. If nothing changes, the costs will continue to mount as the world population grows and climate change poses new risks that will make global capitalism in its current form untenable. The solutions to the global air pollution problem are in front of us. Renewable energy applications like wind farms and solar panels have already experienced immense growth and investment over the past decade. In the U.S. alone, renewable energy use has grown by 100% since 2000, comprising 17% of net electricity use in 2018.5 Furthermore, renewable energy sources are projected to grow by at least 7% in the coming year and account for nearly 90% of the total increase in global power capacity worldwide, with roughly 150% growth projected from 2010 to 2025 (see Figure 1).6 Figure 1: Projected growth in renewable energy sources, 2010-2025 (Source: International Energy Agency). The takeaway Deaths from air pollution showed alarming trends in 2020 and continue to reflect these trends in 2021. The death toll may be even higher given the lack of air quality data coverage across large swathes of the world, with the estimated death toll thought to be over 500,000 as more cities are accounted for in the algorithm. Fortunately, investment in renewable energy is helping gradually replace deadly and expensive fossil fuels with cheaper, sustainable sources of wind, solar, and other renewables. This means that we are moving in the right direction, but still have a long way to go.","

On a particularly smoggy day, it’s not hard to imagine the toll that air pollution takes on our health and lives. But what many don’t realize is that the total impact of air pollution on human life and the global economy may be far more severe than previously thought.

In response to increased demand for data on the human cost of air pollution, IQAir and Greenpeace Southeast Asia have developed a cost estimator that calculates the health and economic costs of air pollution in some of the world’s biggest cities using the IQAir global air quality database.

This estimate is based on an algorithm combining the following data inputs to calculate costs throughout an entire calendar year:

real-time data from ground-level air quality sensors managed by the IQAir air quality database, including particulate matter with a diameter size of 2.5 microns or smaller (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data (where available)
scientific risk models
population and health data

The cost estimator can then automatically calculate deaths and economic impact for many of the world’s major cities, some of which regularly appear on IQAir’s Most Polluted Cities ranking.

Mortality and cost estimates are based on the total impact attributable to PM2.5 and NO₂ over the preceding 365 days, apportioned day by day according to daily recorded pollutant levels. Inclusion of NO₂ is dependent on data availability.

2020: Over 160,000 deaths in top 5 cities

In 2020, our counter provided an alarming estimate of the cost of air pollution for the world’s top five most populous cities for the entire year in terms of lives and productivity lost:¹

\nTokyo, Japan: 40,000 deaths, $43 billion U.S. dollars (USD) (population: 37,000,000)
\nNew Delhi, India: 54,000 deaths, $8.1billion USD (population: 30,000,000)
\nShanghai, China: 39,000 deaths, $19billion USD (population: 27,100,000)
\nSao Paulo, Brazil: 15,000 deaths, $7.8 billion USD (population: 22,000,000)
\nMexico City, Mexico: 15,000 deaths, $7billion USD (population: 21,800,000)

Total Deaths: 163,000
Total Cost: $85.1billion USD

That’s over 160,000 lives and $85.1billion USD lost in 2020 alone – in only five cities. And those five cities represent only 1.7% of the world population.²

In the top five most populous cities alone, air pollution caused over 160,000 deaths and cost $85.1billion USD during 2020 – and those five cities represent only 1.7% of the world population.

The real cost of air pollution

In a single year, major cities around the world lost hundreds of thousands of lives and well into the hundreds of billions of dollars. Data from 2021 already suggests that this alarming trend will continue.

Try to imagine what those numbers look like for a world of nearly 8 billion people. It leaves us heavy-hearted. And when it comes to fighting against air pollution, knowledge is power. Data on lives and dollars lost is one of the most powerful tools we have to hold polluters and policy makers to account and change the air pollution story forever.

That’s why IQAir and Greenpeace Southeast Asia partnered to produce the Cost of Air Pollution Counter.

The Cost of Air Pollution Counter uses the same methodology as a 2020 report by Greenpeace that calculated shocking estimates of the costs of using of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas:³

\n4.5 million premature deaths each year due to air pollution from fossil fuels
\nUS $8 billion (3.3% of the world’s total gross domestic product or GDP) lost each day from reduced life expectancy, premature birth, illnesses that result in hospital visits and missed work, and financial burdens resulting from illnesses
\n40,000 deaths of children under five every year from PM2.5 exposure from fossil fuels
\n1.8 billion days of work lost from illnesses related to PM2.5from fossil fuels, resulting in economic losses of US$101 billion

Fossil fuels cause 4.5 million premature deaths each year, cost $8 billion every day, cause 40,000 deaths of children younger than 5, and resulted in 1.8 billion days of work lost from illnesses related to PM2.5.

The cost of reducing air pollution

The cost of reducing air pollution by switching from polluting fuels like coal, oil, and gas to zero-emissions alternative energy sources like wind and solar may seem high. But the health costs and economic costs of air pollution are clearly much higher – and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are actually increasingly cheaper than polluting fossil fuels.⁴

The cost of reducing air pollution may seem high. But the health costs and economic costs of air pollution are clearly much higher.

If nothing changes, the costs will continue to mount as the world population grows and climate change poses new risks that will make global capitalism in its current form untenable.

The solutions to the global air pollution problem are in front of us.

Renewable energy applications like wind farms and solar panels have already experienced immense growth and investment over the past decade.

In the U.S. alone, renewable energy use has grown by 100% since 2000, comprising 17% of net electricity use in 2018.⁵ Furthermore, renewable energy sources are projected to grow by at least 7% in the coming year and account for nearly 90% of the total increase in global power capacity worldwide, with roughly 150% growth projected from 2010 to 2025 (see Figure 1).⁶

$\"Projected$

Figure 1: Projected growth in renewable energy sources, 2010-2025 (Source: International Energy Agency).

The takeaway

Deaths from air pollution showed alarming trends in 2020 and continue to reflect these trends in 2021.

The death toll may be even higher given the lack of air quality data coverage across large swathes of the world, with the estimated death toll thought to be over 500,000 as more cities are accounted for in the algorithm.

Fortunately, investment in renewable energy is helping gradually replace deadly and expensive fossil fuels with cheaper, sustainable sources of wind, solar, and other renewables. This means that we are moving in the right direction, but still have a long way to go.

","cost-of-air-pollution","gid://shopify/Article/564856717390","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/cost-of-air-pollution","2020-07-09T19:38:24Z",[179,109,14],"The real cost of air pollution",{"_66":458,"_80":459,"_82":460,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269530890318","Factory exhaust","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/CostofAir21_Desk_a_c44c9817-1d93-4958-9e88-bc2fa166ccd9.jpg?v=1752058052",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn more about PM1 – dangerous airborne particles less than 1 micron in size.","What is PM1?Particulate matter (PM) less than 1 micron in size is called PM1 (sometimes PM1.0). PM1 is considered especially dangerous due to its extremely small size.The smaller the diameter of a particle, the more harm it can typically cause. Tiny airborne particles like PM1 are small enough to penetrate lung tissue and get into the bloodstream. PM1 can then circulate throughout the body and cause systemic health effects.Click here to see why particle size matters.PM1 is small enough to penetrate lung tissue and get into the bloodstream, circulating throughout the body and causing systemic health effects.Despite its smaller diameter, the typical PM1 particle has a larger physical surface area than other fine particulates like PM2.5. This makes PM1 more likely to carry heavy metals, chemicals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on its surface and cause even greater harm when inhaled.Unlike PM2.5, PM1 is not regulated, and monitoring technology for PM1 is limited. Research is still being conducted to better understand the specific harm that PM1 causes in contrast to other particulate pollutants like PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs).What are the sources of PM1?Like PM2.5 and UFPs, most PM1 pollution results from fuel combustion and industrial activity.Some sources of PM1 are naturally occurring, such as mineral fragments and aerosols from sea spray.1 But by far, the majority of airborne PM1 originates from human activity, such as: emissions from factories and other industrial activity vehicle exhaust tire particles from vehicle use smoke from wildfires or indoor wood-burning Because human activity makes up the bulk of PM1 sources, densely populated urban areas, especially those with busy roadways or industrial facilities, are especially prone to PM1 pollution as well as other types of particle pollution.Nearly 75% of ambient PM2.5 particles fall into the PM1 size range below 1 micron.A 2019 study in Atmosphere looked at particulate matter in the air around four preschools and eight industrial facilities in Poland. Researchers found a close correlation between PM1 and PM2.5, suggesting that nearly 75 percent of ambient PM2.5 particles fall into the PM1 size range below 1 micron.2The study also found that airborne carcinogens like cadmium, chromium, and nickel were commonly found on PM1 particles near urban areas and industrial plants. Concentrations of these carcinogens ranged from 10 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) to 800 ng/m3 in samples of ambient PM1 within a kilometer of industrial plants.A study of PM1 in Delhi, India from October through November 2020 also illustrates this prevalence around urban areas well, finding average concentrations of PM1 from 200-300 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) throughout the study.3A study in Delhi, India found average concentrations of PM1 from 200-300 µg/m3 from October through November 2020.How does PM1 affect our health?Because of its association with PM2.5, PM1 is known to have similar health effects on the lungs and heart. Emerging research has also found that PM1’s size and ability to carry toxic chemicals on its surface increases the range of its possible health consequences.A 2020 study in Scientific Reports found trace levels of the following chemicals and heavy metals on PM1 particles measured near the city of Harbin, China, a city that largely relies on coal for heating during cold seasons:4 sulfates nitrates ammonium zinc lead chromium nickel cadmium cobalt All of these elements and compounds, especially heavy metals like lead and cadmium, have documented long-term health effects like heart disease and cancer.5Heavy metals like lead and cadmium are commonly found on PM1 particles and have long-term health effects like heart disease and cancer.Some studies have also found that exposure to PM1 has similar effects on the heart and lungs as PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs).A 2017 study in The Lancet Planetary Health on PM1’s health effects looked at emergency room visits at 28 hospitals in 26 Chinese cities in correlation with PM1 and PM2.5 monitoring data.6With average PM1 concentrations across all 26 cities measured by researchers at 42.5 µg/m3, study data suggested that emergency room visits increased significantly for every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m3, with effects lasting up to 2 days after the initial spike in PM1 concentrations.Emergency room visits increased for every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m3, with effects lasting up to 2 days after the initial spike in PM1 concentrations.A similar 2020 study measuring PM1 levels in 65 Chinese cities found that every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m3 increased an individual’s risk of heart disease by 0.29 percent.7 With average PM1 levels of 27 μg/m3 across the 65 cities, the study noted that this effect was much more severe for PM1 than for either PM2.5 or PM10.Another 2020 study in the journal Hypertension investigated a possible link between PM1 and high blood pressure, studying nearly 10,000 Chinese children between 5 and 17 years old during 2012 and 2013.8 Nearly 50 percent of the children were regularly exposed to tobacco smoke, and at least 10 percent lived in homes that used coal for indoor heating.Every PM1 increase of 10 μg/m3 increased the risk of high blood pressure in children by 61%.Researchers concluded that every PM1 increase of 10 μg/m3 increased the risk of high blood pressure in children by 61 percent, especially in children younger than 11 and in overweight or obese children.Can PM1 be measured by air quality monitors?PM1 monitoring technology is limited. Most air quality monitors that measure PM are only capable of monitoring PM2.5 and PM10. This lack of PM1 monitoring technology is partially due to PM1’s small size, but also due to its movement in the air.Some of the smallest PM1 particles experience Brownian motion, an erratic movement in the air due to collisions with other airborne molecules.9 This means that PM1 behaves more like a gas than a solid particle, and gases require much different monitoring techniques than particles for accurate measurement.AirVisual Series air quality monitors include laser-scattering PM sensors that measure particulate matter in ambient air ranging from 0.3 to 10 microns in real time. This includes measurements of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10.Weatherized outdoor sensors are ideal for use near major PM1 sources in dense urban environments, such as near factories or busy roadways with high vehicle traffic volumes.Weatherized AirVisual Outdoor sensors are ideal for use near major PM1 sources in dense urban environments, such as near factories or busy roadways with high vehicle traffic volumes.Tips to reduce PM1Here are some tips to help reduce PM1 emissions from some of its most common sources: Commute by walking, bicycling, taking buses or trains, or using rideshares to reduce reliance on personal vehicles. Replace gas-powered cars with electric or hydrogen-fueled vehicles to help reduce or eliminate personal carbon emissions. Replace diesel-powered vehicles or machinery with those that use more fuel-efficient power, such as natural gas or electricity. Equip home energy systems with solar power to reduce energy grid use of power plants fueled by coal or other dirty fuels. Reduce reliance on indoor combustion sources, such as fireplaces, scented candles, ovens, and stoves. Make sure to ventilate properly if you do decide to use these sources. Limit or stop smoking cigarettes, vapes, or cigars. The takeawayPM1 measures particulate pollutants smaller than 1 micron. Like other fine particles, it can cause damage to the heart, lungs, and other organs in the body, but also carries toxic carcinogens on its surface that can result in even further harm, including increasing the risk of cancer.Due to its small size, PM1 also behaves differently in the air than other particles and can be tricky to monitor. Highly accurate PM1 sensors can help to clarify the relationship between PM1 and other airborne pollutants and measure the effect that air filtration has on this specific pollutant.","

What is PM1?

Particulate matter (PM) less than 1 micron in size is called PM1 (sometimes PM1.0). PM1 is considered especially dangerous due to its extremely small size.

The smaller the diameter of a particle, the more harm it can typically cause. Tiny airborne particles like PM1 are small enough to penetrate lung tissue and get into the bloodstream. PM1 can then circulate throughout the body and cause systemic health effects.

Click here to see why particle size matters.

PM1 is small enough to penetrate lung tissue and get into the bloodstream, circulating throughout the body and causing systemic health effects.

Despite its smaller diameter, the typical PM1 particle has a larger physical surface area than other fine particulates like PM2.5. This makes PM1 more likely to carry heavy metals, chemicals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on its surface and cause even greater harm when inhaled.

Unlike PM2.5, PM1 is not regulated, and monitoring technology for PM1 is limited. Research is still being conducted to better understand the specific harm that PM1 causes in contrast to other particulate pollutants like PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs).

What are the sources of PM1?

Like PM2.5 and UFPs, most PM1 pollution results from fuel combustion and industrial activity.

Some sources of PM1 are naturally occurring, such as mineral fragments and aerosols from sea spray.¹ But by far, the majority of airborne PM1 originates from human activity, such as:

emissions from factories and other industrial activity
vehicle exhaust
tire particles from vehicle use
smoke from wildfires or indoor wood-burning\n

Because human activity makes up the bulk of PM1 sources, densely populated urban areas, especially those with busy roadways or industrial facilities, are especially prone to PM1 pollution as well as other types of particle pollution.

Nearly 75% of ambient PM2.5 particles fall into the PM1 size range below 1 micron.

A 2019 study in Atmosphere looked at particulate matter in the air around four preschools and eight industrial facilities in Poland. Researchers found a close correlation between PM1 and PM2.5, suggesting that nearly 75 percent of ambient PM2.5 particles fall into the PM1 size range below 1 micron.²

The study also found that airborne carcinogens like cadmium, chromium, and nickel were commonly found on PM1 particles near urban areas and industrial plants. Concentrations of these carcinogens ranged from 10 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3) to 800 ng/m3 in samples of ambient PM1 within a kilometer of industrial plants.

A study of PM1 in Delhi, India from October through November 2020 also illustrates this prevalence around urban areas well, finding average concentrations of PM1 from 200-300 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³) throughout the study.³

A study in Delhi, India found average concentrations of PM1 from 200-300 µg/m³ from October through November 2020.

How does PM1 affect our health?

Because of its association with PM2.5, PM1 is known to have similar health effects on the lungs and heart. Emerging research has also found that PM1’s size and ability to carry toxic chemicals on its surface increases the range of its possible health consequences.

A 2020 study in Scientific Reports found trace levels of the following chemicals and heavy metals on PM1 particles measured near the city of Harbin, China, a city that largely relies on coal for heating during cold seasons:⁴

sulfates
nitrates
ammonium
zinc
lead
chromium
nickel
cadmium
cobalt

All of these elements and compounds, especially heavy metals like lead and cadmium, have documented long-term health effects like heart disease and cancer.⁵

Heavy metals like lead and cadmium are commonly found on PM1 particles and have long-term health effects like heart disease and cancer.

Some studies have also found that exposure to PM1 has similar effects on the heart and lungs as PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs).

A 2017 study in The Lancet Planetary Health on PM1’s health effects looked at emergency room visits at 28 hospitals in 26 Chinese cities in correlation with PM1 and PM2.5 monitoring data.⁶

With average PM1 concentrations across all 26 cities measured by researchers at 42.5 µg/m³, study data suggested that emergency room visits increased significantly for every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m³, with effects lasting up to 2 days after the initial spike in PM1 concentrations.

Emergency room visits increased for every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m³, with effects lasting up to 2 days after the initial spike in PM1 concentrations.

A similar 2020 study measuring PM1 levels in 65 Chinese cities found that every rise in PM1 of 10 μg/m³ increased an individual’s risk of heart disease by 0.29 percent.⁷ With average PM1 levels of 27 μg/m3 across the 65 cities, the study noted that this effect was much more severe for PM1 than for either PM2.5 or PM10.

Another 2020 study in the journal Hypertension investigated a possible link between PM1 and high blood pressure, studying nearly 10,000 Chinese children between 5 and 17 years old during 2012 and 2013.⁸ Nearly 50 percent of the children were regularly exposed to tobacco smoke, and at least 10 percent lived in homes that used coal for indoor heating.

Every PM1 increase of 10 μg/m³ increased the risk of high blood pressure in children by 61%.

Researchers concluded that every PM1 increase of 10 μg/m3 increased the risk of high blood pressure in children by 61 percent, especially in children younger than 11 and in overweight or obese children.

Can PM1 be measured by air quality monitors?

PM1 monitoring technology is limited. Most air quality monitors that measure PM are only capable of monitoring PM2.5 and PM10. This lack of PM1 monitoring technology is partially due to PM1’s small size, but also due to its movement in the air.

Some of the smallest PM1 particles experience Brownian motion, an erratic movement in the air due to collisions with other airborne molecules.⁹ This means that PM1 behaves more like a gas than a solid particle, and gases require much different monitoring techniques than particles for accurate measurement.

AirVisual Series air quality monitors include laser-scattering PM sensors that measure particulate matter in ambient air ranging from 0.3 to 10 microns in real time. This includes measurements of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10.

Weatherized outdoor sensors are ideal for use near major PM1 sources in dense urban environments, such as near factories or busy roadways with high vehicle traffic volumes.

Weatherized AirVisual Outdoor sensors are ideal for use near major PM1 sources in dense urban environments, such as near factories or busy roadways with high vehicle traffic volumes.

Tips to reduce PM1

Here are some tips to help reduce PM1 emissions from some of its most common sources:

\nCommute by walking, bicycling, taking buses or trains, or using rideshares to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.
\nReplace gas-powered cars with electric or hydrogen-fueled vehicles to help reduce or eliminate personal carbon emissions.
\nReplace diesel-powered vehicles or machinery with those that use more fuel-efficient power, such as natural gas or electricity.
\nEquip home energy systems with solar power to reduce energy grid use of power plants fueled by coal or other dirty fuels.
\nReduce reliance on indoor combustion sources, such as fireplaces, scented candles, ovens, and stoves. Make sure to ventilate properly if you do decide to use these sources.
\nLimit or stop smoking cigarettes, vapes, or cigars.

The takeaway

PM1 measures particulate pollutants smaller than 1 micron. Like other fine particles, it can cause damage to the heart, lungs, and other organs in the body, but also carries toxic carcinogens on its surface that can result in even further harm, including increasing the risk of cancer.

Due to its small size, PM1 also behaves differently in the air than other particles and can be tricky to monitor. Highly accurate PM1 sensors can help to clarify the relationship between PM1 and other airborne pollutants and measure the effect that air filtration has on this specific pollutant.
\n\n

","pm1","gid://shopify/Article/564840431694","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/pm1","2021-09-21T14:15:00Z",[179,14],"PM1 particulate matter",{"_66":473,"_80":474,"_82":475,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269549273166","vehicle emissions","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/PM1aql_Desktop_a_9dff1c1c-b6d4-4f17-af75-015b0ebd0639.jpg?v=1752146178",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Learn about indoor CO2, including when indoor CO2 is too high and how to monitor it.","Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an invisible gas with no smell perceptible by human senses. Composed of a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, indoor CO2 is very common and mostly harmless in small amounts. But at high concentrations, CO2 can displace oxygen and cause harm or even death. Indoor CO2 is very common and mostly harmless in small amounts. But at high concentrations, CO2 can displace oxygen and cause harm or even death. Ventilation with fresh air is the primary method for reducing indoor CO2 concentrations. Indoor CO2 build-up can be especially problematic in many spaces because of the lack of ventilation when windows and doors are closed on hot or polluted days. Rising CO2 emissions worldwide also pose a threat to indoor CO2 levels, as outdoor atmospheric CO2 (a greenhouse gas) can seep indoors. Since 1990, CO2 emissions have risen nearly 61 percent, from around 20 gigatonnes to nearly 35 gigatonnes in 2021 (see Figure 1).1 Figure 1: Global CO2 emissions 1990-2021 (in gigatonnes), with an overall increase of nearly 61% since 1990. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) Since 1990, CO2 emissions have risen nearly 61% from just above 20 gigatonnes to nearly 35 gigatonnes in 2021. Although CO2 emissions dropped by nearly 6 percent in 2020 from reduced human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic, CO2 levels have largely returned to their pre-pandemic levels and are expected to rise by at least another 5 percent during 2021. Opening windows and doors can help temporarily reduce indoor CO2. Additionally, mechanical ventilation can help reduce indoor CO2. This can also help reduce other common indoor pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) particulate matter, viruses, and bacteria through dilution. Monitoring indoor CO2 is also critical to understanding the scale of CO2 air pollution in a space, its relationship to other air pollutants in that space, and reducing its health effects. Read on to learn more about CO2 and its impact on the indoor environment, including: the most common sources of indoor CO2 acceptable vs. unhealthy levels of CO2 the relationship between CO2 and air pollution how to effectively monitor CO2 indoors and help reduce indoor CO2 Sources of indoor CO2 By far, humans breathing—specifically, exhaling—is the most common source of indoor CO2.2 Inhaling brings oxygen (O2) into the lungs and blood stream, where red blood cells carry it throughout the body to support bodily cells. Carbon dioxide is created as a waste by product of oxygen being used by cells to generate energy for metabolism. Red blood cells then carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs, where it’s exhaled back into the air. When exhalation is the main natural source, indoor CO2 buildup is primarily based on two factors: room size and number of inhabitants. The smaller the space and the more people in the space, the quicker CO2 can build up in the space. This is one of the reasons that the air in crowded conference rooms or class rooms can begin to feel stale and make someone feel drowsy or disoriented after even a short time.3 When exhalation is the main source, indoor CO2 build-up is primarily based on two factors: room size and number of inhabitants. Other common sources of indoor CO2 include: fumes from stove top flames or ovens smoke from fire places or tobacco use vehicle exhaust from garages or nearby roads and highways heating devices powered by gas or kerosene organic matter breaking down in soil beneath buildings outdoor CO2 seeping indoors, especially from nearby fossil fuel-burning sources like factories Understanding indoor CO2 levels Indoor CO2 is measured in parts per million (ppm). The higher the ppm, the more concentrated CO2 build-up is. Indoor CO2 is measured in parts per million (ppm). The higher the ppm, the more concentrated CO2 build-up is. Typical indoor CO2 ranges from around 400-1,000 ppm, but can rise as high as 40,000 ppm in extreme cases.4 Small, temporary increases in indoor CO2 are not typically a major threat to human health. These short spikes can often be resolved simply by ventilating the space or using a high-efficiency HVAC mechanical ventilation and purification system. At higher levels from 2,000 to 5,000 ppm and above, CO2 can cause short-term symptoms that interfere with attention and cognition as well as health effects from long-term exposure. Normal: 400-1,000 ppmNormal indoor CO2 concentrations hover around 400-1,000 ppm. This means that the space is properly ventilated and has consistent air exchange. A well-ventilated space not exposed to any nearby sources of CO2 emissions, such as a factory or busy highway, will generally experience CO2 on the lower end of this scale. A space lacking ventilation or located close to a major CO2 emission source can begin to creep up this scale. Newer homes, schools, and office buildings designed with tight building envelopes for greater energy efficiency are more likely to experience high CO2 due to a lack of air exchange with outdoor fresh air. This is especially likely when doors and windows are closed or mechanical ventilation and filtration technology is insufficient.5 Mild symptoms: 1,000-2,000 ppmAbove 1,000 ppm, CO2 begins to cause noticeable symptoms as oxygen in the air is displaced by CO2 molecules.6 Common but mild symptoms often resulting from CO2 in this range include: drowsiness feeling of stuffiness mild confusion disorientation Proper CO2 ventilation can help reduce these symptoms as well as levels of other harmful indoor air pollutants. As a result, some legislatures have mandated average daily indoor CO2 targets in the lower end of this range to encourage consistent ventilation. In this vein, the California state legislature passed AB-841 in late 2020. Among other requirements for school ventilation and filtration, this bill set an upper limit of indoor CO2 at 1,100 ppm in California classrooms and required schools to set up indoor CO2 monitors to ensure compliance with this limit.7 Moderate symptoms: 2,000-5,000 ppmBeyond 2,000 ppm, CO2 can cause disruptive health and cognitive symptoms, including: headaches feeling sleepy tightness in chest increase in heart rate reduced attention lack of concentration nausea Figure 2 illustrates a CO2 reading in this range, along with readings of indoor particle pollution (in green) and outdoor particle pollution (in yellow). Figure 2: CO2 levels measuring above 2,000, indicating moderately high levels of indoor CO2. Source: IQAir AirVisual Pro High CO2 in this range is also associated with sick building syndrome (SBS).8 SBS refers to a variety of symptoms that accompany poor air quality in a building that’s not properly ventilated. Lack of ventilation can lead to a build-up of indoor air pollutants like CO2 and other contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).9 Lack of ventilation can lead to a build-up of indoor air pollutants like CO2 and other contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Severe or life-threatening symptoms: 5,000-40,000 PPMBeyond 5,000 ppm, oxygen displacement caused by high indoor CO2 results in noticeable and potentially life-threatening symptoms, increasing the risk of: losing consciousness blurred vision sweating shaking high heart rate asphyxiation death At this high level of exposure, a respirator or emergency medical treatment may be required to help an individual get enough oxygen to breathe normally again, especially after long periods of exposure.10 Many regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), have set strict limits to help prevent CO2 in the workplace from surpassing 5,000 ppm.11 Specific sampling methods for accurate monitoring are also often enforced.12 Most regulations treat CO2 as an asphyxiant gas and do not permit 8-hour CO2 exposure in the workplace to exceed 5,000 ppm. Lack of compliance can result in violations punishable by fines and even prison if individuals are severely injured or die due to CO2 exposure. CO2 and air pollution There is no direct correlation between indoor CO2 and other common indoor air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM) or VOCs. In some cases, indoor CO2 may exhibit behavior opposite that of other indoor air pollutants. For example, opening a window on a polluted day may reduce indoor CO2 but increase PM10, PM2.5, and other outdoor air pollutants that penetrate the indoor space. However, conditions that lead to high levels of CO2 can also increase indoor concentrations of PM or VOCs. In a poorly ventilated or unfiltered space, both CO2 and other indoor air pollutants can build up to dangerous levels and result in a wide variety of health effects.13 In poorly ventilated or unfiltered space, both CO2 and PM from indoor sources can build up to dangerous levels and result in a wide variety of health effects. In a shared office space or classroom, for example, exhalation can quickly cause CO2 and infected respiratory aerosols to build up to high levels. The use of common appliances like printers and copiers can also produce PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs) that remain airborne for long periods of time in the absence of ventilation or filtration. Airborne infections linked to viruses, bacteria, and mold are also more likely in unfiltered, unventilated spaces. Biocontaminant aerosols from coughing, sneezing, breathing, or talking can be as small as 0.003 microns and linger in the air for hours, exposing building inhabitants to infection long after aerosols are produced.14 How to monitor indoor CO2 CO2 is a gas and cannot be monitored with typical light-scattering laser sensors used to measure PM. Instead, CO2 is best measured with sensors that use infrared (IR) light to estimate the number of CO2 molecules in ambient air. Here’s how this works: Ambient air passes through a CO2 sensor assembly made up of an IR light source, reflective gas cell, and IR light detectors. IR light shines onto CO2 molecules that pass through the assembly. The CO2 molecules absorb much of this light. The remaining light that isn’t absorbed by CO2 molecules passes through to detectors. IR light detectors calculate the change in IR wavelengths from what was produced by the IR light source to what remains after CO2 absorbs the IR light. The change in wavelength indicates the concentration of CO2, which is converted to a ppm reading. A stand alone CO2 sensor may indicate the presence of elevated indoor CO2 and meet basic CO2 monitoring requirements for workplaces and schools. A 2021 study published by the American Chemical Society suggests that indoor CO2 levels may be one tool to help indicate the relative risk of exposure to infectious aerosols in the same space.15 However, basic CO2 sensors do not provide critical data about other air pollutants that threaten the health of building inhabitants. An air quality monitor that measures both PM and CO2 provides the most useful picture of indoor air quality, including how ventilation and filtration affects these pollutants. An air quality monitor that measures both PM and CO2 provides the most useful picture of indoor air quality, including how ventilation and filtration affects these pollutants. Measuring temperature and humidity can also help improve understanding of how atmospheric conditions affect indoor concentrations of PM and CO2. The takeaway Below 1,000 ppm, indoor CO2 is not a major air quality issue. However, indoor CO2 beyond 1,000 ppm can reduce concentration and cognitive performance and cause harm at increasingly high levels. This can have high costs to productivity, academic performance, and health in workplaces and classrooms where air pollutants like PM2.5 and airborne infections are already critical concerns. Ventilation with fresh outdoor air is the primary solution for reducing indoor CO2. When outdoor air is polluted or weather is extreme, using mechanical ventilation and filtration can help reduce CO2 and other indoor air pollutants that affect the health and performance of building occupants.","

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an invisible gas with no smell perceptible by human senses.

Composed of a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, indoor CO₂ is very common and mostly harmless in small amounts. But at high concentrations, CO₂ can displace oxygen and cause harm or even death.

Indoor CO₂ is very common and mostly harmless in small amounts. But at high concentrations, CO₂ can displace oxygen and cause harm or even death.

Ventilation with fresh air is the primary method for reducing indoor CO₂ concentrations. Indoor CO2 build-up can be especially problematic in many spaces because of the lack of ventilation when windows and doors are closed on hot or polluted days.

Rising CO₂ emissions worldwide also pose a threat to indoor CO₂ levels, as outdoor atmospheric CO₂ (a greenhouse gas) can seep indoors. Since 1990, CO₂ emissions have risen nearly 61 percent, from around 20 gigatonnes to nearly 35 gigatonnes in 2021 (see Figure 1).¹

$\"Global$

Figure 1: Global CO2 emissions 1990-2021 (in gigatonnes), with an overall increase of nearly 61% since 1990. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)

Since 1990, CO₂ emissions have risen nearly 61% from just above 20 gigatonnes to nearly 35 gigatonnes in 2021.

Although CO₂ emissions dropped by nearly 6 percent in 2020 from reduced human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic, CO₂ levels have largely returned to their pre-pandemic levels and are expected to rise by at least another 5 percent during 2021.

Opening windows and doors can help temporarily reduce indoor CO₂.

Additionally, mechanical ventilation can help reduce indoor CO₂. This can also help reduce other common indoor pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) particulate matter, viruses, and bacteria through dilution.

Monitoring indoor CO₂ is also critical to understanding the scale of CO₂ air pollution in a space, its relationship to other air pollutants in that space, and reducing its health effects.

Read on to learn more about CO₂ and its impact on the indoor environment, including:

the most common sources of indoor CO₂\n
acceptable vs. unhealthy levels of CO₂\n
the relationship between CO₂ and air pollution
how to effectively monitor CO2 indoors and help reduce indoor CO₂\n

Sources of indoor CO₂\n

By far, humans breathing—specifically, exhaling—is the most common source of indoor CO₂.²

Inhaling brings oxygen (O2) into the lungs and blood stream, where red blood cells carry it throughout the body to support bodily cells. Carbon dioxide is created as a waste by product of oxygen being used by cells to generate energy for metabolism. Red blood cells then carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs, where it’s exhaled back into the air.

When exhalation is the main natural source, indoor CO₂ buildup is primarily based on two factors: room size and number of inhabitants.

The smaller the space and the more people in the space, the quicker CO₂ can build up in the space. This is one of the reasons that the air in crowded conference rooms or class rooms can begin to feel stale and make someone feel drowsy or disoriented after even a short time.³

When exhalation is the main source, indoor CO2 build-up is primarily based on two factors: room size and number of inhabitants.

Other common sources of indoor CO₂ include:

fumes from stove top flames or ovens\n
smoke from fire places or tobacco use\n
vehicle exhaust from garages or nearby roads and highways
heating devices powered by gas or kerosene
organic matter breaking down in soil beneath buildings
\noutdoor CO₂ seeping indoors, especially from nearby fossil fuel-burning sources like factories

Understanding indoor CO₂ levels

Indoor CO₂ is measured in parts per million (ppm). The higher the ppm, the more concentrated CO₂ build-up is.

Indoor CO₂ is measured in parts per million (ppm). The higher the ppm, the more concentrated CO₂ build-up is.

Typical indoor CO₂ ranges from around 400-1,000 ppm, but can rise as high as 40,000 ppm in extreme cases.⁴

Small, temporary increases in indoor CO₂ are not typically a major threat to human health. These short spikes can often be resolved simply by ventilating the space or using a high-efficiency HVAC mechanical ventilation and purification system.

At higher levels from 2,000 to 5,000 ppm and above, CO₂ can cause short-term symptoms that interfere with attention and cognition as well as health effects from long-term exposure.

Normal: 400-1,000 ppm
Normal indoor CO₂ concentrations hover around 400-1,000 ppm. This means that the space is properly ventilated and has consistent air exchange.

A well-ventilated space not exposed to any nearby sources of CO₂ emissions, such as a factory or busy highway, will generally experience CO₂ on the lower end of this scale. A space lacking ventilation or located close to a major CO₂ emission source can begin to creep up this scale.

Newer homes, schools, and office buildings designed with tight building envelopes for greater energy efficiency are more likely to experience high CO₂ due to a lack of air exchange with outdoor fresh air. This is especially likely when doors and windows are closed or mechanical ventilation and filtration technology is insufficient.⁵

Mild symptoms: 1,000-2,000 ppm
Above 1,000 ppm, CO₂ begins to cause noticeable symptoms as oxygen in the air is displaced by CO2 molecules.⁶

Common but mild symptoms often resulting from CO₂ in this range include:

drowsiness
feeling of stuffiness
mild confusion
disorientation

Proper CO₂ ventilation can help reduce these symptoms as well as levels of other harmful indoor air pollutants. As a result, some legislatures have mandated average daily indoor CO₂ targets in the lower end of this range to encourage consistent ventilation.

In this vein, the California state legislature passed AB-841 in late 2020. Among other requirements for school ventilation and filtration, this bill set an upper limit of indoor CO₂ at 1,100 ppm in California classrooms and required schools to set up indoor CO₂ monitors to ensure compliance with this limit.⁷

Moderate symptoms: 2,000-5,000 ppm
Beyond 2,000 ppm, CO₂ can cause disruptive health and cognitive symptoms, including:

headaches
feeling sleepy
tightness in chest
increase in heart rate
reduced attention
lack of concentration
nausea

Figure 2 illustrates a CO₂ reading in this range, along with readings of indoor particle pollution (in green) and outdoor particle pollution (in yellow).

$\"AVP$

Figure 2: CO₂ levels measuring above 2,000, indicating moderately high levels of indoor CO₂. Source: IQAir AirVisual Pro

High CO₂ in this range is also associated with sick building syndrome (SBS).⁸ SBS refers to a variety of symptoms that accompany poor air quality in a building that’s not properly ventilated. Lack of ventilation can lead to a build-up of indoor air pollutants like CO₂ and other contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).⁹

Lack of ventilation can lead to a build-up of indoor air pollutants like CO₂ and other contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Severe or life-threatening symptoms: 5,000-40,000 PPM
Beyond 5,000 ppm, oxygen displacement caused by high indoor CO₂ results in noticeable and potentially life-threatening symptoms, increasing the risk of:

losing consciousness
blurred vision
sweating
shaking
high heart rate
asphyxiation
death

At this high level of exposure, a respirator or emergency medical treatment may be required to help an individual get enough oxygen to breathe normally again, especially after long periods of exposure.¹⁰

Many regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), have set strict limits to help prevent CO₂ in the workplace from surpassing 5,000 ppm.¹¹ Specific sampling methods for accurate monitoring are also often enforced.¹²

Most regulations treat CO₂ as an asphyxiant gas and do not permit 8-hour CO2 exposure in the workplace to exceed 5,000 ppm. Lack of compliance can result in violations punishable by fines and even prison if individuals are severely injured or die due to CO₂ exposure.

CO₂ and air pollution

There is no direct correlation between indoor CO₂ and other common indoor air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM) or VOCs.

In some cases, indoor CO₂ may exhibit behavior opposite that of other indoor air pollutants. For example, opening a window on a polluted day may reduce indoor CO₂ but increase PM10, PM2.5, and other outdoor air pollutants that penetrate the indoor space.

However, conditions that lead to high levels of CO₂ can also increase indoor concentrations of PM or VOCs. In a poorly ventilated or unfiltered space, both CO₂ and other indoor air pollutants can build up to dangerous levels and result in a wide variety of health effects.¹³

In poorly ventilated or unfiltered space, both CO₂ and PM from indoor sources can build up to dangerous levels and result in a wide variety of health effects.

In a shared office space or classroom, for example, exhalation can quickly cause CO₂ and infected respiratory aerosols to build up to high levels. The use of common appliances like printers and copiers can also produce PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs) that remain airborne for long periods of time in the absence of ventilation or filtration.

Airborne infections linked to viruses, bacteria, and mold are also more likely in unfiltered, unventilated spaces. Biocontaminant aerosols from coughing, sneezing, breathing, or talking can be as small as 0.003 microns and linger in the air for hours, exposing building inhabitants to infection long after aerosols are produced.¹⁴

How to monitor indoor CO₂\n

CO₂ is a gas and cannot be monitored with typical light-scattering laser sensors used to measure PM.

Instead, CO₂ is best measured with sensors that use infrared (IR) light to estimate the number of CO₂ molecules in ambient air.

Here’s how this works:

Ambient air passes through a CO₂ sensor assembly made up of an IR light source, reflective gas cell, and IR light detectors.
IR light shines onto CO₂ molecules that pass through the assembly. The CO₂ molecules absorb much of this light.
The remaining light that isn’t absorbed by CO₂ molecules passes through to detectors.
IR light detectors calculate the change in IR wavelengths from what was produced by the IR light source to what remains after CO₂ absorbs the IR light.
The change in wavelength indicates the concentration of CO₂, which is converted to a ppm reading.

A stand alone CO₂ sensor may indicate the presence of elevated indoor CO₂ and meet basic CO₂ monitoring requirements for workplaces and schools. A 2021 study published by the American Chemical Society suggests that indoor CO₂ levels may be one tool to help indicate the relative risk of exposure to infectious aerosols in the same space.¹⁵

However, basic CO₂ sensors do not provide critical data about other air pollutants that threaten the health of building inhabitants.

An air quality monitor that measures both PM and CO₂ provides the most useful picture of indoor air quality, including how ventilation and filtration affects these pollutants.

An air quality monitor that measures both PM and CO₂ provides the most useful picture of indoor air quality, including how ventilation and filtration affects these pollutants. Measuring temperature and humidity can also help improve understanding of how atmospheric conditions affect indoor concentrations of PM and CO₂.

The takeaway

Below 1,000 ppm, indoor CO₂ is not a major air quality issue.

However, indoor CO₂ beyond 1,000 ppm can reduce concentration and cognitive performance and cause harm at increasingly high levels. This can have high costs to productivity, academic performance, and health in workplaces and classrooms where air pollutants like PM2.5 and airborne infections are already critical concerns.

Ventilation with fresh outdoor air is the primary solution for reducing indoor CO₂. When outdoor air is polluted or weather is extreme, using mechanical ventilation and filtration can help reduce CO₂ and other indoor air pollutants that affect the health and performance of building occupants.

","indoor-carbon-dioxide-co2","gid://shopify/Article/564971339854","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/indoor-carbon-dioxide-co2","2021-09-21T14:30:00Z",[179,14],"Indoor carbon dioxide",{"_66":488,"_80":489,"_82":490,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269699153998","Co2 sensor in home","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/21CO2_Desk_a_918de3d1-2afc-4697-9d50-71708ada7c1a.jpg?v=1753449554",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"A list of the different air pollutants and their sources.","Airborne pollutants pose a continual threat to human health, safety, and quality of life. Pollutants also pose a challenge to maintaining safe indoor air quality and to the outdoor environment. Knowing which pollutants are most common and their sources is an important step towards protecting yourself against their negative health impacts. The following are some of the more frequently encountered and dangerous pollutants to be aware of. PM2.5 PM2.5 is a concentration measurement of particulate matter (PM) in the air with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less. Of all the listed pollutants, PM2.5 poses the greatest health threat to human health.1 This is because PM2.5 can lodge deep into the most sensitive part of the respiratory tract upon inhalation and trigger respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.PM2.5can enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart, increasing the potential for cardiovascular problems such as arrhythmic heartbeats and heart attacks. PM2.5can originate from both organic and inorganic sources. Common sources include:3,4,5 soil dust soot smoke smoking combustion emissions construction and demolition PM10 Like PM2.5, PM10 is suspended particulate matter which can appear in either a liquid or solid forms. PM 10 differs from PM2.5 only in terms of size. While PM2.5 is particulate matter that has a diameter of 2.5 microns or less, PM10 is particulate matter with a diameter between 10 - 2.5 microns.PM10 is the larger, coarser particle of the two types. PM10 is not as dangerous as PM2.5 because it’s relatively larger size prevents it from being easily absorbed into the bloodstream. It can, however, cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat, while long term exposure can impact the lungs and heart.6 Sources for PM10 include:7,8 dust and dirt pollen mold smoke combustion Black Carbon One of the possible components of particulate matter is black carbon. Black carbon is a major element of soot.Sources of black carbon include:9 emissions from diesel engines and vehicles residential burning such as wood and coal burning agricultural waste field burnings forest and vegetation fires Black carbon can create problems in respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms and can result in premature death. Ozone (O3) The ozone molecule is a naturally occurring compound that plays a vital role in blocking out harmful ultraviolet light from the sun. At the ground level, however, ozone is toxic.10 While other pollutants are emitted directly into the air by various sources, ozone is created by sunlight chemically reacting with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the air.Ozone is one of the most pervasive and most difficult to control of all airborne pollutants. Symptoms can include:11,12 chest pain lung and throat irritation wheeze and coughing increased asthma attacks continued lung damage after symptoms end Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant with a characteristic acrid odor. In high concentrations, it appears as a reddish-orange gas.13 Nitrogen dioxide is either formed naturally during thunderstorms or from combustion processes, such as running car engines. Indoor sources include unvented heaters and gas stoves.14 Nitrogen dioxide is a precursor for pollutants like ozone (or smog)and particulate matter. Health impacts from exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen can include:15 Coughing and wheezing lung irritation reduced lung function increased asthma attacks cardiovascular damage lower birth weight risk of premature death Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide(CO) is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas. Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning poses a serious threat to life; its imperceptible nature causes it to be known as the silent killer. Carbon monoxide can be created through incomplete combustion in vehicles, heating, coal-fired power generation, and biomass burning.16,17 Symptoms and health problems from carbon monoxide poisoning can include: headaches dizziness weakness fatigue nausea confusion blurred vision death18 As reported in a 2015 study published in Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, high levels of CO can also be especially harmful to pregnant women and newborns.19 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Sulphur dioxide is a colorless gas with a strong, pungent smell. Sulfur dioxide is almost entirely from man-made sources.20 Sulfurdioxide is formed when energy sources containing sulfur, like coal and oil, are burned in industrial processes. Emissions can also result from fuel combustion in vehicles. When inhaled, sulfur dioxide can cause several health problems, including:21 nasal mucus choking irritation to the ears, eyes, and throat wheezing chest tightness shortness of breath Long term, sulfur dioxide exposure can cause acute respiratory illness and permanent changes in the lungs' biology. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases that are emitted from liquids or solids. Like nitrogen dioxide, VOCs contribute to the creation of the pollutants PM2.5 and ozone. VOCs can be found in vehicle emissions and can also be emitted from many indoor and outdoor sources, such as fuels, household cleaners, and combustion. 22,23 VOCs can be toxic, depending on their composition. Health impacts of VOCs include: 24,25,26,27 irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat headaches breathing problems sick building sickness (SBS) allergies and asthma cancer kidney damage Ammonia Ammonia is a colorless and corrosive gas with a pungent smell. When combined with nitric and sulfate acids, ammonia can create ammonium salts, a harmful form of PM2.5.28 Ammonia comes from both natural and man-made sources, such as: decaying organic matter human and animal waste fertilizer manufacturing industrial processes waste disposal sites Health implications for ammonia exposure include: eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation severe cardiovascular and respiratory effects decreased lung function asthma aggravation premature death Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas. It's the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activity. Carbon dioxide is created naturally through animal respiration, oceans, and decaying plants. However, most greenhouse contributions come from human activities, such as transport, industry, and fuel burning for electricity and heating. Direct exposure to high concentrations of carbon dioxide can have several negative health impacts on people, including: 29 feeling lethargic clumsiness emotional upset headaches difficulty concentrating dizziness vomiting nausea","

Airborne pollutants pose a continual threat to human health, safety, and quality of life. Pollutants also pose a challenge to maintaining safe indoor air quality and to the outdoor environment.

Knowing which pollutants are most common and their sources is an important step towards protecting yourself against their negative health impacts. The following are some of the more frequently encountered and dangerous pollutants to be aware of.

$\"Health$

PM2.5

PM2.5 is a concentration measurement of particulate matter (PM) in the air with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less.

Of all the listed pollutants, PM2.5 poses the greatest health threat to human health.¹ This is because PM2.5 can lodge deep into the most sensitive part of the respiratory tract upon inhalation and trigger respiratory illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.

PM2.5can enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart, increasing the potential for cardiovascular problems such as arrhythmic heartbeats and heart attacks.

PM2.5can originate from both organic and inorganic sources. Common sources include:^3,4,5

soil
dust
soot
smoke
smoking
combustion emissions
construction and demolition

PM10

Like PM2.5, PM10 is suspended particulate matter which can appear in either a liquid or solid forms. PM 10 differs from PM2.5 only in terms of size.

While PM2.5 is particulate matter that has a diameter of 2.5 microns or less, PM10 is particulate matter with a diameter between 10 - 2.5 microns.PM10 is the larger, coarser particle of the two types.

PM10 is not as dangerous as PM2.5 because it’s relatively larger size prevents it from being easily absorbed into the bloodstream. It can, however, cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat, while long term exposure can impact the lungs and heart.⁶

Sources for PM10 include:^7,8

dust and dirt
pollen
mold
smoke
combustion

Black Carbon

One of the possible components of particulate matter is black carbon. Black carbon is a major element of soot.

Sources of black carbon include:⁹

emissions from diesel engines and vehicles
residential burning such as wood and coal burning
agricultural waste field burnings
forest and vegetation fires

Black carbon can create problems in respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms and can result in premature death.

Ozone (O₃)

The o zone molecule is a naturally occurring compound that plays a vital role in blocking out harmful ultraviolet light from the sun. At the ground level, however, ozone is toxic.¹⁰

While other pollutants are emitted directly into the air by various sources, ozone is created by sunlight chemically reacting with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the air.Ozone is one of the most pervasive and most difficult to control of all airborne pollutants.

Symptoms can include:^11,12

chest pain
lung and throat irritation
wheeze and coughing
increased asthma attacks
continued lung damage after symptoms end

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant with a characteristic acrid odor. In high concentrations, it appears as a reddish-orange gas.¹³

Nitrogen dioxide is either formed naturally during thunderstorms or from combustion processes, such as running car engines. Indoor sources include unvented heaters and gas stoves.¹⁴

Nitrogen dioxide is a precursor for pollutants like ozone (or smog)and particulate matter.

Health impacts from exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen can include:¹⁵

Coughing and wheezing
lung irritation
reduced lung function
increased asthma attacks
cardiovascular damage
lower birth weight
risk of premature death

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide(CO) is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas. Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning poses a serious threat to life; its imperceptible nature causes it to be known as the silent killer.

Carbon monoxide can be created through incomplete combustion in vehicles, heating, coal-fired power generation, and biomass burning.^16,17

Symptoms and health problems from carbon monoxide poisoning can include:

headaches
dizziness
weakness
fatigue
nausea
confusion
blurred vision
death¹⁸\n

As reported in a 2015 study published in Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, high levels of CO can also be especially harmful to pregnant women and newborns.¹⁹

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide is a colorless gas with a strong, pungent smell. Sulfur dioxide is almost entirely from man-made sources.²⁰

Sulfurdioxide is formed when energy sources containing sulfur, like coal and oil, are burned in industrial processes. Emissions can also result from fuel combustion in vehicles.

When inhaled, sulfur dioxide can cause several health problems, including:²¹

nasal mucus
choking
irritation to the ears, eyes, and throat
wheezing
chest tightness
shortness of breath

Long term, sulfur dioxide exposure can cause acute respiratory illness and permanent changes in the lungs' biology.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases that are emitted from liquids or solids. Like nitrogen dioxide, VOCs contribute to the creation of the pollutants PM2.5 and ozone.

VOCs can be found in vehicle emissions and can also be emitted from many indoor and outdoor sources, such as fuels, household cleaners, and combustion. ^22,23

VOCs can be toxic, depending on their composition. Health impacts of VOCs include: ^24,25,26,27

irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
headaches
breathing problems
sick building sickness (SBS)
allergies and asthma
cancer
kidney damage

Ammonia

Ammonia is a colorless and corrosive gas with a pungent smell. When combined with nitric and sulfate acids, ammonia can create ammonium salts, a harmful form of PM2.5.²⁸

Ammonia comes from both natural and man-made sources, such as:

decaying organic matter
human and animal waste
fertilizer manufacturing
industrial processes
waste disposal sites

Health implications for ammonia exposure include:

eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation
severe cardiovascular and respiratory effects
decreased lung function
asthma aggravation
premature death

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas. It's the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activity.

Carbon dioxide is created naturally through animal respiration, oceans, and decaying plants. However, most greenhouse contributions come from human activities, such as transport, industry, and fuel burning for electricity and heating.

Direct exposure to high concentrations of carbon dioxide can have several negative health impacts on people, including: ²⁹

feeling lethargic
clumsiness
emotional upset
headaches
difficulty concentrating
dizziness
vomiting
nausea

","what-pollution-measures-should-i-watch-out-for","gid://shopify/Article/564857897038","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/what-pollution-measures-should-i-watch-out-for","2022-01-11T18:24:39Z",[179,162,14],"What pollutants should I watch out for?",{"_66":503,"_80":504,"_82":505,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269516374094","Man in city coughing with face mask","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/HealthEffectsPollution_071921_Desktop_a82c36ef-0995-49d6-9ece-35e984bc92d6.jpg?v=1751981010",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Wind and weather can play a crucial role in influencing a region’s air quality. Learn more.","Temperature and wind are often included on air quality maps that display real-time pollutant information. But why are these environmental factors listed, and how do they impact air quality? Here is a review of how wind and temperature, interact with pollutants to impact air quality. How does wind affect air pollution? Wind can be helpful in dispersing pollutants. When pollutants linger over a region, wind may disperse pollutants out of the region and reduce concentrations of more intense pollutants in any one region.[1] This can also blow pollutants far away from their source - as happened when western U.S. wildfire smoke sent particle pollutants as far away as western Europe. Wind can be helpful in dispersing pollutants. However, geography can occasionally pose a challenge for wind in dispersing pollutants. Pollutants may not be pushed out of valleys if the prevailing winds are unable to rise over mountain ranges. In those cases, pollutants can gather in higher concentrations at the base of the mountain – or worse, create a “mountain valley chimney” effect. A 2009 study in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres found that mountain valley breezes played a role in creating a second layer of pollution in Beijing, China.[2] Mountain valley breezes blowing predominantly southward gathered surface pollutants from the city, flowed along the face of mountains, and created a second elevated pollution layer flowing in a northward direction over the city. Pollutants from that layer could return to the surface and affect residents a second time. Rain dilution and coagulation Rain can help to dilute high concentrations of airborne pollutants. Because coarse particulate matter (PM10) like dust, dirt, and pollen is larger and heavier than other particles, rain can help PM10 settle to the ground more quickly than smaller fine particulate matter (PM2.5).[3] Rain can help to settle visible pollutants, diluting high concentrations of airborne pollutants. Rain is less effective in diluting PM2.5. Researchers in Lanzhou, China measured how much rain impacted concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in the air from 2005 to 2007.[4] Extremely heavy rain could reduce larger particle pollutants by a small amount, but had almost no effect on particles smaller than 2.5 microns. As raindrops fall, they can also attract aerosolized particle pollutants in a process called coagulation. In a paper published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in 2015, researchers found that the smaller a droplet, the easier it was for the water to attract aerosols.[5] Low relative humidity was also helpful in the process. If the source of air pollution happens to be a wildfire, a heavy rain can also be helpful in dousing fires and ending smoke emissions. Hot, sunny days can create ozone haze Summer heat can lead to haze – a fog-like appearance most often found in urban areas. But instead of being composed of tiny water droplets like fog, summer haze is actually ground-level ozone, or smog. When nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from combustion – often vehicles – interact with sunlight, the reaction creates ozone. Ozone is less common when there is high humidity, rain, wind, or cooler temperatures.[6] As warm weather is an important factor in creating ozone, famously sunny cities like Los Angeles can struggle with heavy smog days. Consequently, some cities like Bogotá, Colombia; Paris, France; and Mexico City, Mexico have limited car access to cities in an effort to reducing smog.[7] How heatwaves lead to smoke Sunny weather and high temperatures can have an additional negative impact on air quality. When high temperatures exceed norms and last for an extended period of time, resulting heatwaves can lay the ground for dangerous air quality conditions. Sunny weather and high temperatures can have an additional negative impact on air quality when heatwaves arrive. Heatwaves can fuel wildfires. In British Columbia, Canada during June and July 2021, intense heat reaching 121.2 degrees created extremely dried ground vegetation. When a severe thunderstorm rolled through the region, 29,000 lighting strikes contributed to 62 fast-moving wildfires in the province.[8,9] The village of Lytton, known for its normally high temperatures and dry climate by Canadian standards, was destroyed by one of the wildfires. 1,000 people were evacuated, and two people died. Wildfires, in turn, generate smoke and PM2.5 which can drift for thousands of miles from their source when carried on prevailing winds. For example, smoke from 26,000 individual Amazon wildfires in 2019 could be detected 11,000 miles away in Papua New Guinea and Australia. Temperature inversions When it comes to pollution, warm temperatures aren’t the only concern. Some of the world’s worst pollution days cans coincide with winter, especially when a region is prone to temperature inversions. Some of the world’s worst pollution days cans coincide with winter, especially when a region is prone to temperature inversions. Temperature or thermal inversions can occur over cities or mountain valleys when warm air forms over cooler air on the ground. Temperature inversion caps and traps pollution in an area, preventing pollution from dispersing to other locations. Inversions can also be influenced by heat island-induced circulation in urban areas. The heat island effect occurs when buildings, roads, and city infrastructure absorb heat more than surrounding trees and water bodies. This leads to higher temperatures in urban areas than in outlying, greener areas. According to 2014 and 2015 studies in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, layers of air in an inversion interact with heat and pollutants in urban areas to serious air pollution.[10,11] If the urban area happens to be in a valley, air circulation is complicated by urban heat and poor ventilation options for dispersing pollutants out of the island. Cities located in valleys or near mountain ranges such as Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Denver, and Mexico City can be subject to severe pollution through temperature inversions.[12,13,14,15] Winter temperatures Cold temperatures often mean people must turn to combustion to warm their homes. Cooking and fuel fires can lead to days of extremely heavy particle matter pollution for people who burn low-cost wood, coal, and dung. During the winter of 2020 to 2021, winter fuel choices led to hazardous air quality conditions for urban citizens in Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. During winter, any home with a wood-burning fireplace or wood burner can be a source of indoor and outdoor air pollution. However, a recent study warns that wood burners can pose a threat to indoor air quality, tripling the amount of air pollution inside a home.[16] A 2020 study published in Atmosphere reviewed wood burner use in South Yorkshire, England.[17] The study concluded that when burners were lit, average particle levels rose from 27 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) to 195 μg/m3. The U.S. air quality index considers 195 μg/m3 to be “ Very Unhealthy”. Pictured: U.S. Air Quality Index. Source: IQAir and U.S. EPA The takeaway Air pollution and weather, wind, and temperature all interact to improve or, all too often, worsen air quality Knowing environmental conditions and how they interact with airborne pollution can help in better understanding what’s contributing to poor air quality.","

Temperature and wind are often included on air quality maps that display real-time pollutant information. But why are these environmental factors listed, and how do they impact air quality?

Here is a review of how wind and temperature, interact with pollutants to impact air quality.

How does wind affect air pollution?

Wind can be helpful in dispersing pollutants. When pollutants linger over a region, wind may disperse pollutants out of the region and reduce concentrations of more intense pollutants in any one region.[1] This can also blow pollutants far away from their source - as happened when western U.S. wildfire smoke sent particle pollutants as far away as western Europe.

Wind can be helpful in dispersing pollutants.

However, geography can occasionally pose a challenge for wind in dispersing pollutants. Pollutants may not be pushed out of valleys if the prevailing winds are unable to rise over mountain ranges. In those cases, pollutants can gather in higher concentrations at the base of the mountain – or worse, create a “mountain valley chimney” effect.

A 2009 study in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres found that mountain valley breezes played a role in creating a second layer of pollution in Beijing, China.[2]

Mountain valley breezes blowing predominantly southward gathered surface pollutants from the city, flowed along the face of mountains, and created a second elevated pollution layer flowing in a northward direction over the city. Pollutants from that layer could return to the surface and affect residents a second time.

Rain dilution and coagulation

Rain can help to dilute high concentrations of airborne pollutants. Because coarse particulate matter (PM10) like dust, dirt, and pollen is larger and heavier than other particles, rain can help PM10 settle to the ground more quickly than smaller fine particulate matter (PM2.5).[3]

Rain can help to settle visible pollutants, diluting high concentrations of airborne pollutants.

Rain is less effective in diluting PM2.5. Researchers in Lanzhou, China measured how much rain impacted concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in the air from 2005 to 2007.[4] Extremely heavy rain could reduce larger particle pollutants by a small amount, but had almost no effect on particles smaller than 2.5 microns.

As raindrops fall, they can also attract aerosolized particle pollutants in a process called coagulation. In a paper published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in 2015, researchers found that the smaller a droplet, the easier it was for the water to attract aerosols.[5] Low relative humidity was also helpful in the process.

If the source of air pollution happens to be a wildfire, a heavy rain can also be helpful in dousing fires and ending smoke emissions.

Hot, sunny days can create ozone haze

Summer heat can lead to haze – a fog-like appearance most often found in urban areas. But instead of being composed of tiny water droplets like fog, summer haze is actually ground-level ozone, or smog.

When nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from combustion – often vehicles – interact with sunlight, the reaction creates ozone.

Ozone is less common when there is high humidity, rain, wind, or cooler temperatures.[6]

As warm weather is an important factor in creating ozone, famously sunny cities like Los Angeles can struggle with heavy smog days. Consequently, some cities like Bogotá, Colombia; Paris, France; and Mexico City, Mexico have limited car access to cities in an effort to reducing smog.[7]

How heatwaves lead to smoke

Sunny weather and high temperatures can have an additional negative impact on air quality. When high temperatures exceed norms and last for an extended period of time, resulting heatwaves can lay the ground for dangerous air quality conditions.

Sunny weather and high temperatures can have an additional negative impact on air quality when heatwaves arrive.

Heatwaves can fuel wildfires. In British Columbia, Canada during June and July 2021, intense heat reaching 121.2 degrees created extremely dried ground vegetation. When a severe thunderstorm rolled through the region, 29,000 lighting strikes contributed to 62 fast-moving wildfires in the province.[8,9]

The village of Lytton, known for its normally high temperatures and dry climate by Canadian standards, was destroyed by one of the wildfires. 1,000 people were evacuated, and two people died.

Wildfires, in turn, generate smoke and PM2.5 which can drift for thousands of miles from their source when carried on prevailing winds. For example, smoke from 26,000 individual Amazon wildfires in 2019 could be detected 11,000 miles away in Papua New Guinea and Australia.

Temperature inversions

When it comes to pollution, warm temperatures aren’t the only concern. Some of the world’s worst pollution days cans coincide with winter, especially when a region is prone to temperature inversions.

Some of the world’s worst pollution days cans coincide with winter, especially when a region is prone to temperature inversions.

Temperature or thermal inversions can occur over cities or mountain valleys when warm air forms over cooler air on the ground. Temperature inversion caps and traps pollution in an area, preventing pollution from dispersing to other locations.

Inversions can also be influenced by heat island-induced circulation in urban areas. The heat island effect occurs when buildings, roads, and city infrastructure absorb heat more than surrounding trees and water bodies. This leads to higher temperatures in urban areas than in outlying, greener areas.

According to 2014 and 2015 studies in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, layers of air in an inversion interact with heat and pollutants in urban areas to serious air pollution.[10,11] If the urban area happens to be in a valley, air circulation is complicated by urban heat and poor ventilation options for dispersing pollutants out of the island.

Cities located in valleys or near mountain ranges such as Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Denver, and Mexico City can be subject to severe pollution through temperature inversions.[12,13,14,15]

Winter temperatures

Cold temperatures often mean people must turn to combustion to warm their homes. Cooking and fuel fires can lead to days of extremely heavy particle matter pollution for people who burn low-cost wood, coal, and dung.

During the winter of 2020 to 2021, winter fuel choices led to hazardous air quality conditions for urban citizens in Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia.

During winter, any home with a wood-burning fireplace or wood burner can be a source of indoor and outdoor air pollution. However, a recent study warns that wood burners can pose a threat to indoor air quality, tripling the amount of air pollution inside a home.[16]

A 2020 study published in Atmosphere reviewed wood burner use in South Yorkshire, England.[17] The study concluded that when burners were lit, average particle levels rose from 27 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) to 195 μg/m3.

The U.S. air quality index considers 195 μg/m3 to be “ Very Unhealthy”.

$\"WHO$

Pictured: U.S. Air Quality Index. Source: IQAir and U.S. EPA

The takeaway

Air pollution and weather, wind, and temperature all interact to improve or, all too often, worsen air quality

Knowing environmental conditions and how they interact with airborne pollution can help in better understanding what’s contributing to poor air quality.

","wind-weather-air-pollution","gid://shopify/Article/564874018894","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/wind-weather-air-pollution","2022-08-18T17:53:01Z",[179,211,14],"How wind and weather affect air pollution",{"_66":518,"_80":519,"_82":520,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/269688471630","IQAir Air Quality Map","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/AQL_WindAVE_Desktop_a_7b467773-006e-48e1-a64b-0f94553a936d.jpg?v=1753347977",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Particulate Matter (PM) are particles measuring 2.5 microns or less. Learn more.","What is PM2.5? Particulate matter, or PM, refers to particles found in the air, including dust, soot, dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets. PM2.5 particles measure 2.5 microns or less in diameter. PM2.5 particles are so small they can only be seen with an electron microscope. Of all air pollution measures, PM2.5 pollution poses the greatest health threat (1). Due to its small size, PM2.5 can remain suspended in the air for days or weeks, traveling across cities, regions, and even continents and can be absorbed deep into the bloodstream upon inhalation. Globally and in IQAir’s AQI⁺, PM2.5 and ozone stand out as the most common primary air pollutants. That’s why monitoring these two pollutants is particularly critical for human health. Why is PM2.5 often the primary pollutant? PM2.5 is the most common primary pollutant in air quality reports because it is exceptionally small, persistent, and widespread. It originates from nearly all major pollution sources—vehicles, industrial emissions, wildfires, agricultural burning, and household activities—making it a universal marker of poor air quality. Its microscopic size allows PM2.5 to penetrate buildings and reach deep into the lungs and bloodstream, posing both immediate and long-term health risks. As a result, it frequently appears as the “main pollutant” in AQI reports, since it is more likely than others to exceed safety thresholds and impact large populations. Because PM2.5 is so central to how air quality is reported and understood, it’s helpful to understand the air quality indexes that communicate these pollution levels. What is AQI? An air quality index, or AQI, is used to help quickly communicate air quality levels, with categories ranging from “Good” to “Hazardous.” Traditional U.S. AQI calculations rely on 24-hour averages for pollutants like PM2.5. IQAir’s AQI⁺ provides users with hourly air quality updates. Because PM2.5 levels can change rapidly throughout the day, hourly updates offer a more accurate, real-time picture of exposure. What are the sources of PM2.5 pollution? Particulate matter can be either emitted directly from manmade or natural sources, with manmade sources generally resulting in greater amount of PM2.5 (2). Some of the most common manmade sources of pollutant PM2.5 are (3) (4) (5): Motor combustion Power plant combustion Industrial processes Stoves, fireplaces, and home wood burning Smoke from fireworks Smoking Natural sources of PM2.5 can include: Dust Soot Dirt Windblown salt Plant spores Pollen Smoke from wildfires The dominant sources of PM2.5 air quality can vary depending on the season, weather, climate, level of urbanization, country, and region. A 1994 study in Atmospheric Environment looked at PM2.5 sources in the United States, determining that biomass burnings were the highest contributors to PM2.5 pollution in the Northwest, while residual oil combustion was the dominant source in the Northeast and in major seaport cities (6). Sources of pollutants can include emissions from neighboring countries. A 2019 study of source contributions in Canada published in Environmental Science and Technology found that 33 percent of Central Canada’s pollutant PM2.5 originated in the U.S. (7). The same study uncovered that residential combustion was the primary source of PM2.5 in Central Canada, while wildfires were the responsible sources for PM2.5 pollution in Northern, Atlantic, and Western Canada. What are the chemical components of PM2.5? PM2.5 can be created by other pollutants chemically reacting in the atmosphere. Chemical reaction between gases can be sources of PM2.5 pollutants, including reactions between (8): Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Black carbon Mineral dust Water Volatile organic compounds How does PM2.5 pollution affect our health? PM 2.5’s microscopic size increases its potential to be lodged deep into the respiratory tracts. At 2.5 microns, PM2.5 can enter the circulatory system and even the brain (9). Short term symptoms of exposure to high levels of particulate matter include irritation of the throat and airways, coughing, and difficulty breathing (10). More serious, long-term complications can include: Heart and lung disease Bronchitis Emphysema Nonfatal heart attacks Irregular heartbeat Asthma and more intense flareups Decreased lung function Early death People with heart or lung diseases, children, and older adults are most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure. Numerous studies have confirmed a multitude of serious health complications caused by exposure to pollutant PM2.5. For example, a 2011 study published in The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine tracked 1.2 million Americans from 1982 until 2008 (11). Each 10 microgram per cubic meter increase in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with a 15-27% increase in lung cancer mortality. PM2.5 pollution has been tied to increased risk of asthma in young children in Denmark, according to a 2020 study published in the British Medical Journal(12). All children born between 1997 and 2014 were followed for asthma onset and persistent wheezing from age 1 to 15. The study found that children exposed to higher levels of PM2.5 were more likely to develop asthma and persistent wheezing than children who weren’t exposed. Is there a difference between PM2.5 and PM10? PM10 and PM2.5 are both forms of pollutants that are different sizes. PM2.5 particles are fine and PM10 is larger and coarser. PM10 particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrograms. Our bodies can more easily defend against PM10 by sneezing or coughing. Those defenses don’t work with smaller particles (13). PM10 can embed within the lungs where they are associated with adverse health impacts, such as lung tissue damage and asthma. However, PM10 isn’t as likely to enter the blood stream as PM2.5 due to its size (14). What are the environmental effects of PM2.5 air quality? PM2.5 causes environmental harm in several ways, such as (15): Damage of materials and buildings Acid deposition Increased ozone levels PM2.5 pollution can travel long distances through strong winds, up to hundreds of thousands of miles from their source (16). PM2.5 can be carried to coastal waters and river basins, where they change the nutrient balance. When particle pollution settles on crops and forests, it can damage the vegetation. What can be done about PM2.5 pollution? People with concerns about PM2.5 in their environment can advocate for clean air legislation and for low-emission zones. Reducing PM2.5 and PM10 air pollution is a priority for most countries. India joined the United Nation’s Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2019 with the goal of reducing national particulate pollution by 20 to 30 percent by 2024. In 2019, India launched the National Clean Air Programme to meet those goals (17). People can help limit particulate matter emissions in their own lives. Actions that can be taken include (18): Drive less frequently Slow mold growth by controlling humidity Use a mop, damp cloth, and HEPA vacuum for cleaning Never smoke indoors Burn candles and incense less often Improve electricity and fuel efficiency Limit wood or trash burning Don’t use outdoor wood boilers Your vehicle should never idle in attached garages or near doors and windows Generators and barbecues should never be run indoors or inside attached garages Run a room air purifier to clean the air and remove PM2.5 Install a whole-house air purifier to eliminate PM2.5 from your home Facilities can install high-efficiency HVAC unit air filters in schools and commercial buildings Monitor your indoor and outdoor air quality Can PM2.5 affect indoor air quality? Outdoor sources of pollutant PM2.5 can impact indoor environments by entering through leaks in windows and doors as well as spaces within generally “leaky” buildings (19). An airtight home can’t protect against indoor sources of PM2.5, such as (20): Cooking with wood Candles Incense burners Fireplaces Stoves Smoking Even household cleaners and air fresheners can create gaseous pollutants through chemical reactions, resulting in PM2.5 pollution indoors. What other air pollutants threaten your air quality? There are many forms of pollutants apart from PM10 and PM2.5. Common pollutants across the globe include: Ammonia Asbestos Benzene Black carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Sulfur dioxide Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) There are six criteria air pollutants regulated in the United States (21): Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen oxides Ground-level ozone Particulate matter (including PM10 and PM2.5) Sulfur dioxides The criteria were set by the Clean Air Act, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines standards for the criteria. The listed pollutants were selected in part because they’re commonly found across the U.S. There are two types of criteria: Primary: Standards focused on human health and safety Secondary: Standards focused on indirect harm to the environment and human well-being Though regulations have helped keep air pollution in check and improve quality of life, there are still significant pollutants harming humanity’s health and financial well-being.","

What is PM2.5?

Particulate matter, or PM, refers to particles found in the air, including dust, soot, dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets.

PM2.5 particles measure 2.5 microns or less in diameter. PM2.5 particles are so small they can only be seen with an electron microscope.

Of all air pollution measures, PM2.5 pollution poses the greatest health threat (1). Due to its small size, PM2.5 can remain suspended in the air for days or weeks, traveling across cities, regions, and even continents and can be absorbed deep into the bloodstream upon inhalation.

Globally and in IQAir’s AQI⁺, PM2.5 and ozone stand out as the most common primary air pollutants. That’s why monitoring these two pollutants is particularly critical for human health.

Why is PM2.5 often the primary pollutant?

PM2.5 is the most common primary pollutant in air quality reports because it is exceptionally small, persistent, and widespread. It originates from nearly all major pollution sources—vehicles, industrial emissions, wildfires, agricultural burning, and household activities—making it a universal marker of poor air quality.

Its microscopic size allows PM2.5 to penetrate buildings and reach deep into the lungs and bloodstream, posing both immediate and long-term health risks. As a result, it frequently appears as the “main pollutant” in AQI reports, since it is more likely than others to exceed safety thresholds and impact large populations.

Because PM2.5 is so central to how air quality is reported and understood, it’s helpful to understand the air quality indexes that communicate these pollution levels.

What is AQI?

An air quality index, or AQI, is used to help quickly communicate air quality levels, with categories ranging from “Good” to “Hazardous.” Traditional U.S. AQI calculations rely on 24-hour averages for pollutants like PM2.5. IQAir’s AQI⁺ provides users with hourly air quality updates. Because PM2.5 levels can change rapidly throughout the day, hourly updates offer a more accurate, real-time picture of exposure.

What are the sources of PM2.5 pollution?

Particulate matter can be either emitted directly from manmade or natural sources, with manmade sources generally resulting in greater amount of PM2.5 (2).

Some of the most common manmade sources of pollutant PM2.5 are (3) (4) (5):

Motor combustion
Power plant combustion
Industrial processes
Stoves, fireplaces, and home wood burning
Smoke from fireworks
Smoking

Natural sources of PM2.5 can include:

Dust
Soot
Dirt
Windblown salt
Plant spores
Pollen
Smoke from wildfires

The dominant sources of PM2.5 air quality can vary depending on the season, weather, climate, level of urbanization, country, and region.

A 1994 study in Atmospheric Environment looked at PM2.5 sources in the United States, determining that biomass burnings were the highest contributors to PM2.5 pollution in the Northwest, while residual oil combustion was the dominant source in the Northeast and in major seaport cities (6).

Sources of pollutants can include emissions from neighboring countries. A 2019 study of source contributions in Canada published in Environmental Science and Technology found that 33 percent of Central Canada’s pollutant PM2.5 originated in the U.S. (7).

The same study uncovered that residential combustion was the primary source of PM2.5 in Central Canada, while wildfires were the responsible sources for PM2.5 pollution in Northern, Atlantic, and Western Canada.

What are the chemical components of PM2.5?

PM2.5 can be created by other pollutants chemically reacting in the atmosphere.

Chemical reaction between gases can be sources of PM2.5 pollutants, including reactions between (8):

Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Black carbon
Mineral dust
Water
Volatile organic compounds

How does PM2.5 pollution affect our health?

PM 2.5’s microscopic size increases its potential to be lodged deep into the respiratory tracts. At 2.5 microns, PM2.5 can enter the circulatory system and even the brain (9).

Short term symptoms of exposure to high levels of particulate matter include irritation of the throat and airways, coughing, and difficulty breathing (10).

More serious, long-term complications can include:

Heart and lung disease
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Nonfatal heart attacks
Irregular heartbeat
Asthma and more intense flareups
Decreased lung function
Early death

People with heart or lung diseases, children, and older adults are most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure.

Numerous studies have confirmed a multitude of serious health complications caused by exposure to pollutant PM2.5.

For example, a 2011 study published in The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine tracked 1.2 million Americans from 1982 until 2008 (11). Each 10 microgram per cubic meter increase in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with a 15-27% increase in lung cancer mortality.

PM2.5 pollution has been tied to increased risk of asthma in young children in Denmark, according to a 2020 study published in the British Medical Journal(12). All children born between 1997 and 2014 were followed for asthma onset and persistent wheezing from age 1 to 15. The study found that children exposed to higher levels of PM2.5 were more likely to develop asthma and persistent wheezing than children who weren’t exposed.

Is there a difference between PM2.5 and PM10?

PM10 and PM2.5 are both forms of pollutants that are different sizes. PM2.5 particles are fine and PM10 is larger and coarser. PM10 particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrograms.

Our bodies can more easily defend against PM10 by sneezing or coughing. Those defenses don’t work with smaller particles (13).

PM10 can embed within the lungs where they are associated with adverse health impacts, such as lung tissue damage and asthma. However, PM10 isn’t as likely to enter the blood stream as PM2.5 due to its size (14).

What are the environmental effects of PM2.5 air quality?

PM2.5 causes environmental harm in several ways, such as (15):

Damage of materials and buildings
Acid deposition
Increased ozone levels

PM2.5 pollution can travel long distances through strong winds, up to hundreds of thousands of miles from their source (16). PM2.5 can be carried to coastal waters and river basins, where they change the nutrient balance. When particle pollution settles on crops and forests, it can damage the vegetation.

What can be done about PM2.5 pollution?

People with concerns about PM2.5 in their environment can advocate for clean air legislation and for low-emission zones.

Reducing PM2.5 and PM10 air pollution is a priority for most countries. India joined the United Nation’s Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2019 with the goal of reducing national particulate pollution by 20 to 30 percent by 2024. In 2019, India launched the National Clean Air Programme to meet those goals (17).

People can help limit particulate matter emissions in their own lives. Actions that can be taken include (18):

Drive less frequently
Slow mold growth by controlling humidity
Use a mop, damp cloth, and HEPA vacuum for cleaning
Never smoke indoors
Burn candles and incense less often
Improve electricity and fuel efficiency
Limit wood or trash burning
Don’t use outdoor wood boilers
Your vehicle should never idle in attached garages or near doors and windows
Generators and barbecues should never be run indoors or inside attached garages
Run a room air purifier to clean the air and remove PM2.5
Install a whole-house air purifier to eliminate PM2.5 from your home
Facilities can install high-efficiency HVAC unit air filters in schools and commercial buildings\n
Monitor your indoor and outdoor air quality

Can PM2.5 affect indoor air quality?

Outdoor sources of pollutant PM2.5 can impact indoor environments by entering through leaks in windows and doors as well as spaces within generally “leaky” buildings (19).

An airtight home can’t protect against indoor sources of PM2.5, such as (20):

Cooking with wood
Candles
Incense burners
Fireplaces
Stoves
Smoking

Even household cleaners and air fresheners can create gaseous pollutants through chemical reactions, resulting in PM2.5 pollution indoors.

What other air pollutants threaten your air quality?

There are many forms of pollutants apart from PM10 and PM2.5. Common pollutants across the globe include:

There are six criteria air pollutants regulated in the United States (21):

Carbon monoxide
Lead
Nitrogen oxides
Ground-level ozone
Particulate matter (including PM10 and PM2.5)
Sulfur dioxides

The criteria were set by the Clean Air Act, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines standards for the criteria. The listed pollutants were selected in part because they’re commonly found across the U.S.

There are two types of criteria:

Primary: Standards focused on human health and safety
Secondary: Standards focused on indirect harm to the environment and human well-being

Though regulations have helped keep air pollution in check and improve quality of life, there are still significant pollutants harming humanity’s health and financial well-being.

","pm2-5","gid://shopify/Article/564858224718","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/pm2-5","2025-12-30T13:00:00Z",[162,14],"PM2.5",{"_66":533,"_80":534,"_82":535,"_84":536,"_86":537},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/271362687054","Hazy skies over city landscape","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/pexels-photo-15693327_cropped_ad6ff1ee-6196-4ad2-871e-9514624a9a3e.webp?v=1769010313",2879,1550,{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"The WHO air quality guidelines (AQGs) are intended for worldwide use but have been developed to support actions to achieve air quality that protects public health in different contexts. The WHO AQGs are based on the now extensive body of scientific evidence relating to air pollution and its health consequences. Although this information base has gaps and uncertainties, it offers a strong foundation for the recommended guidelines. Air quality standards, on the other hand, are set by each country to protect the public health of their citizens and as such are an important component of national risk management and environmental policies. National standards will vary according to the approach adopted for balancing health risks, technological feasibility, economic considerations and various other political and social factors, which in turn will depend on, among other things, the level of development and national capability in air quality management. To learn more about the WHO Air Quality Guideline, please follow the article link below: Why are the WHO Air Quality Guidelines used when different countries have different ambient air quality requirement? | IQAir","

The WHO air quality guidelines (AQGs) are intended for worldwide use but have been developed to support actions to achieve air quality that protects public health in different contexts. The WHO AQGs are based on the now extensive body of scientific evidence relating to air pollution and its health consequences. Although this information base has gaps and uncertainties, it offers a strong foundation for the recommended guidelines.

Air quality standards, on the other hand, are set by each country to protect the public health of their citizens and as such are an important component of national risk management and environmental policies. National standards will vary according to the approach adopted for balancing health risks, technological feasibility, economic considerations and various other political and social factors, which in turn will depend on, among other things, the level of development and national capability in air quality management.

To learn more about the WHO Air Quality Guideline, please follow the article link below:

Why are the WHO Air Quality Guidelines used when different countries have different ambient air quality requirement? | IQAir

","why-are-the-who-air-quality-guidelines-used-when-different-countries-have-different-ambient-air-quality-requirement","gid://shopify/Article/564852686926","https://shop.iqair.cn/en/blogs/news/why-are-the-who-air-quality-guidelines-used-when-different-countries-have-different-ambient-air-quality-requirement","2026-02-04T02:04:17Z",[179,14],"Why are the WHO Air Quality Guidelines used when different countries have different ambient air quality requirement?",{"_66":549,"_80":429,"_82":550,"_84":85,"_86":87},"gid://shopify/ArticleImage/271549792334","https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0018/4411/7571/articles/KB_AV_Desktopc_98e65ce3-6e71-4a33-961c-9c318cfc0305.jpg?v=1770321818",{"_91":92},{"_64":90},"Greenhouse gases accelerate climate change, which in turn creates poor air quality. Learn more.","

Greenhouse gases accelerate climate change, which in turn creates poor air quality. Learn more.

","Human-caused climate change is driven by greenhouse gas emissions—and it is already affecting health and safety in measurable ways. (1). As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, the climate shifts in ways that increase heat, intensify extreme weather, and raise air-quality risks. Those impacts are not experienced equally: communities with fewer resources often have less protection from heat, smoke, and other climate-related hazards. That’s why climate solutions and air-quality protections are often linked—and why equity matters when planning who gets protection, cooling, clean indoor air, and early warning systems first. Greenhouse gases aren’t the same pollutants tracked in the daily Air Quality Index (AQI). But they set the conditions that influence air quality—like hotter temperatures, longer ozone seasons, and more wildfire smoke—so they affect what we breathe in everyday life. What are greenhouse gases? Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to the “greenhouse effect” that warms the planet and drives climate change. They do this by absorbing some of the heat energy the Earth gives off, making the atmosphere act a bit more like a thicker blanket. EPA reports greenhouse gas emissions in carbon dioxide–equivalent (CO2e). CO2e puts different gases on the same scale so their impact can be compared (2). To calculate CO2e, EPA multiplies the amount of a gas by its global warming potential (GWP). GWP shows how much heat 1 metric ton of a gas traps over 100 years compared with 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). For example, methane has a 100-year global warming potential of about 28–30 under IPCC AR5. That means 1 metric ton of methane traps roughly 28–30 times more heat over 100 years than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). So if a facility emits 10 metric tons of methane, that equals about 280–300 metric tons of CO2e. The U.S. Inventory uses metric units and 100-year GWPs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Not all greenhouse gases behave the same. Three factors determine how much they warm the planet: How much of it is in the air (its concentration) How long it lasts in the atmosphere How strongly it traps heat per ton—captured by GWP Scientists measure greenhouse gases in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt). These units show how much of a gas is present in the air. One ppm is about like one drop of water mixed into about 13 gallons of liquid—roughly the size of a compact car’s fuel tank. Some greenhouse gases last only a few years. Others stay in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Because they persist and mix throughout the atmosphere, their concentrations are broadly similar around the world, no matter where they were emitted. Examples of greenhouse gases include (3)(4); Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Industrial gases and fluorinated gases (or F-gases) A quick “who’s who” (and where they come from): Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), but also from solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and chemical reactions such as cement production. CO2 is also removed (“sequestered”) when plants absorb it as part of the biological carbon cycle. Methane (CH4) is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. It also comes from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use, seeps into the atmosphere from abandoned and orphaned oil and gas wells, and the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted during agricultural, land-use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste; and during wastewater treatment. Fluorinated gases include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). They’re synthetic gases used in a range of household, commercial, and industrial applications—often as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. They’re typically emitted in smaller quantities than CO2, but many have very high GWPs—often thousands to tens of thousands—so small leaks can pack an outsized warming punch. Note: Other substances in the atmosphere—like water vapor, ground-level ozone, and tiny particles/aerosols—can also influence climate, even though greenhouse gas inventories focus on the main heat-trapping gases above. Where do greenhouse gases come from? Greenhouse gases are emitted from both natural sources and human activity. However, human activity since the industrial period (in the mid-19th century) has dramatically increased the amount of these gases in our atmosphere, significantly contributing to global warming and subsequent climate change. Human activity since the industrial period has greatly increased the amount of these gases in our atmosphere, significantly contributing to global warming and subsequent climate change. Natural sources of greenhouse gases include (5)(6): Decomposition of organic matter Methane emissions from wetlands Respiration Soil processes Human activities generate greenhouse gas emissions. Sectors that significantly contribute to emissions include (7): Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) Transportation Electricity generation Industrial processes Commercial and residential heating Agriculture (including livestock and crop production) Land use changes (e.g., deforestation) Nitrogen-based fertilizers Who emits the most greenhouse gases? Global greenhouse gas emissions are unevenly distributed, but they’re a shared atmosphere problem—because long-lived greenhouse gases mix globally over time. According to the 2025 Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the world’s largest emitters in 2024 were China, the United States, India, the EU27, Russia, and Indonesia. Together, these emitters accounted for 61.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2024, alongside 51.4% of global population and 62.5% of global GDP. Globally, EDGAR estimates total greenhouse gas emissions (excluding land use, land-use change, and forestry) reached 53.2 Gt CO₂-equivalent in 2024, an increase of 1.3% compared with 2023 (8). This matters for air quality because the same sectors driving greenhouse gas emissions—especially fossil fuel use in power, industry, transport, and buildings—can also contribute to the air pollutants that show up locally as PM2.5 and ozone. The effects of greenhouse gases While individual greenhouse gases can directly harm human health—such as carbon dioxide in poorly ventilated spaces—their greatest threat comes from their collective role in driving climate change. By intensifying the greenhouse effect, these gases are destabilizing Earth’s climate, with far-reaching consequences for both the planet and human societies. How greenhouse gases can worsen air quality Here’s the simplest way to think about it: greenhouse gases don’t usually “spike” in a neighborhood the way smoke can, but they can increase the frequency and intensity of air-quality stressors. Hotter days can mean more ozone: Ground-level ozone forms more readily in heat and sunlight, increasing the chance of unhealthy ozone days. Higher wildfire smoke risk in some regions: Warmer, drier conditions can increase wildfire risk, and wildfire smoke can drive major PM2.5 spikes. More “stagnation” events: Some weather patterns linked to a warming climate can trap pollutants closer to the ground, keeping dirty air around longer. By warming the planet, greenhouse gases contribute to a cascade of environmental changes that affect people, ecosystems, and economies. Rising global temperatures mean that ice caps and glaciers are melting, causing sea levels to rise and potentially displace huge numbers of people. Other consequences of climate change include (9): Increased likelihood and severity of forest fires Extended droughts and heat waves Increased flooding and storm intensity Water scarcity and declining water quality Loss of biodiversity and collapse of ecosystems Disruption of global food systems and agricultural productivity Climate change is also predicted to increase concentrations and lingering durations of ground-level ozone pollution, further degrading air quality and public health. Some climate impacts become much harder to reverse once certain thresholds are crossed. In 2025, one widely covered assessment warned that warm-water coral reefs face especially high risk as warming continues (10). Climate change and environmental justice When air quality worsens because of climate change-related heat, smoke, or ozone, the people most affected are often those with the least access to healthcare, clean indoor spaces, and resources to adapt. Climate change fueled by greenhouse gases is not just an environmental issue—it is a profound matter of justice. The communities least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, including low-income populations, Indigenous groups, and people in the Global South, are often the most vulnerable to its impacts (11)(12)(13). These groups face heightened risks from extreme weather, food and water insecurity, displacement, and health crises, despite contributing the least to the problem. Systemic inequities, such as limited access to resources, inadequate infrastructure, and historical marginalization, amplify these disparities. Addressing greenhouse gases and climate change requires centering equity: true progress demands both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and rectifying the injustices that make climate change a multiplier of inequality. Conclusion Greenhouse gases warm the planet—and that warming can worsen air quality by increasing ozone risk and intensifying wildfire smoke in many regions. The most effective path forward combines emissions reductions (especially cutting sources of CO₂ and methane) with practical air-quality protection for individuals and communities: monitor local conditions, ventilate when outdoor air is clean, and use filtration during smoke or high-ozone periods.","

Human-caused climate change is driven by greenhouse gas emissions—and it is already affecting health and safety in measurable ways. (1).

As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, the climate shifts in ways that increase heat, intensify extreme weather, and raise air-quality risks. Those impacts are not experienced equally: communities with fewer resources often have less protection from heat, smoke, and other climate-related hazards. That’s why climate solutions and air-quality protections are often linked—and why equity matters when planning who gets protection, cooling, clean indoor air, and early warning systems first.

Greenhouse gases aren’t the same pollutants tracked in the daily Air Quality Index (AQI). But they set the conditions that influence air quality—like hotter temperatures, longer ozone seasons, and more wildfire smoke—so they affect what we breathe in everyday life.

What are greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to the “greenhouse effect” that warms the planet and drives climate change. They do this by absorbing some of the heat energy the Earth gives off, making the atmosphere act a bit more like a thicker blanket.

EPA reports greenhouse gas emissions in carbon dioxide–equivalent (CO2e). CO2e puts different gases on the same scale so their impact can be compared (2).

To calculate CO2e, EPA multiplies the amount of a gas by its global warming potential (GWP). GWP shows how much heat 1 metric ton of a gas traps over 100 years compared with 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2).

For example, methane has a 100-year global warming potential of about 28–30 under IPCC AR5. That means 1 metric ton of methane traps roughly 28–30 times more heat over 100 years than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). So if a facility emits 10 metric tons of methane, that equals about 280–300 metric tons of CO2e.

The U.S. Inventory uses metric units and 100-year GWPs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)

Not all greenhouse gases behave the same. Three factors determine how much they warm the planet:

How much of it is in the air (its concentration)
How long it lasts in the atmosphere
How strongly it traps heat per ton—captured by GWP

Scientists measure greenhouse gases in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt). These units show how much of a gas is present in the air.

One ppm is about like one drop of water mixed into about 13 gallons of liquid—roughly the size of a compact car’s fuel tank.

Some greenhouse gases last only a few years. Others stay in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Because they persist and mix throughout the atmosphere, their concentrations are broadly similar around the world, no matter where they were emitted.

Examples of greenhouse gases include (3)(4);

\nCarbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Industrial gases and fluorinated gases (or F-gases)

A quick “who’s who” (and where they come from):

\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), but also from solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and chemical reactions such as cement production. CO2 is also removed (“sequestered”) when plants absorb it as part of the biological carbon cycle.
\nMethane (CH4) is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. It also comes from livestock and other agricultural practices, land use, seeps into the atmosphere from abandoned and orphaned oil and gas wells, and the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
\nNitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted during agricultural, land-use, and industrial activities; combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste; and during wastewater treatment.
\nFluorinated gases include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). They’re synthetic gases used in a range of household, commercial, and industrial applications—often as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. They’re typically emitted in smaller quantities than CO2, but many have very high GWPs—often thousands to tens of thousands—so small leaks can pack an outsized warming punch.

Note: Other substances in the atmosphere—like water vapor, ground-level ozone, and tiny particles/aerosols—can also influence climate, even though greenhouse gas inventories focus on the main heat-trapping gases above.

Where do greenhouse gases come from?

Greenhouse gases are emitted from both natural sources and human activity. However, human activity since the industrial period (in the mid-19th century) has dramatically increased the amount of these gases in our atmosphere, significantly contributing to global warming and subsequent climate change.

Human activity since the industrial period has greatly increased the amount of these gases in our atmosphere, significantly contributing to global warming and subsequent climate change.

Natural sources of greenhouse gases include (5)(6):

Decomposition of organic matter
Methane emissions from wetlands
Respiration
Soil processes

Human activities generate greenhouse gas emissions. Sectors that significantly contribute to emissions include (7):

Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
Transportation
Electricity generation
Industrial processes
Commercial and residential heating
Agriculture (including livestock and crop production)
Land use changes (e.g., deforestation)
Nitrogen-based fertilizers

Who emits the most greenhouse gases?

Global greenhouse gas emissions are unevenly distributed, but they’re a shared atmosphere problem—because long-lived greenhouse gases mix globally over time.

According to the 2025 Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the world’s largest emitters in 2024 were China, the United States, India, the EU27, Russia, and Indonesia. Together, these emitters accounted for 61.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2024, alongside 51.4% of global population and 62.5% of global GDP.

Globally, EDGAR estimates total greenhouse gas emissions (excluding land use, land-use change, and forestry) reached 53.2 Gt CO₂-equivalent in 2024, an increase of 1.3% compared with 2023 (8).

This matters for air quality because the same sectors driving greenhouse gas emissions—especially fossil fuel use in power, industry, transport, and buildings—can also contribute to the air pollutants that show up locally as PM2.5 and ozone.

The effects of greenhouse gases

While individual greenhouse gases can directly harm human health—such as carbon dioxide in poorly ventilated spaces—their greatest threat comes from their collective role in driving climate change.

By intensifying the greenhouse effect, these gases are destabilizing Earth’s climate, with far-reaching consequences for both the planet and human societies.

How greenhouse gases can worsen air quality

Here’s the simplest way to think about it: greenhouse gases don’t usually “spike” in a neighborhood the way smoke can, but they can increase the frequency and intensity of air-quality stressors.

\nHotter days can mean more ozone: Ground-level ozone forms more readily in heat and sunlight, increasing the chance of unhealthy ozone days.
\nHigher wildfire smoke risk in some regions: Warmer, drier conditions can increase wildfire risk, and wildfire smoke can drive major PM2.5 spikes.
\nMore “stagnation” events: Some weather patterns linked to a warming climate can trap pollutants closer to the ground, keeping dirty air around longer.
\n

$\"\"$

By warming the planet, greenhouse gases contribute to a cascade of environmental changes that affect people, ecosystems, and economies. Rising global temperatures mean that ice caps and glaciers are melting, causing sea levels to rise and potentially displace huge numbers of people.

Other consequences of climate change include (9):

Increased likelihood and severity of forest fires
Extended droughts and heat waves\n
\nIncreased flooding and storm intensity\n
Water scarcity and declining water quality
Loss of biodiversity and collapse of ecosystems
Disruption of global food systems and agricultural productivity

Climate change is also predicted to increase concentrations and lingering durations of ground-level ozone pollution, further degrading air quality and public health.

Some climate impacts become much harder to reverse once certain thresholds are crossed. In 2025, one widely covered assessment warned that warm-water coral reefs face especially high risk as warming continues (10).

Climate change and environmental justice

When air quality worsens because of climate change-related heat, smoke, or ozone, the people most affected are often those with the least access to healthcare, clean indoor spaces, and resources to adapt.

Climate change fueled by greenhouse gases is not just an environmental issue—it is a profound matter of justice.

The communities least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, including low-income populations, Indigenous groups, and people in the Global South, are often the most vulnerable to its impacts (11)(12)(13). These groups face heightened risks from extreme weather, food and water insecurity, displacement, and health crises, despite contributing the least to the problem.

Systemic inequities, such as limited access to resources, inadequate infrastructure, and historical marginalization, amplify these disparities. Addressing greenhouse gases and climate change requires centering equity: true progress demands both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and rectifying the injustices that make climate change a multiplier of inequality.

Conclusion

Greenhouse gases warm the planet—and that warming can worsen air quality by increasing ozone risk and intensifying wildfire smoke in many regions.

The most effective path forward combines emissions reductions (especially cutting sources of CO₂ and methane) with practical air-quality protection for individuals and communities: monitor local conditions, ventilate when outdoor air is clean, and use filtration during smoke or high-ozone periods.

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