IQAIR和绿色和平组织报告2020年空气污染死亡

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  • 经过 IQAir Staff Writers
City with air pollution

Jakarta, Indonesia, 18 February – PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter size of 2.5 microns or smaller)air pollution was behind approximately 160,000 deaths in the world’s five 至 populous cities in 2020, according to a Greenpeace Southeast Asia analysis of IQAir data from a liveCost Estimator.1,2虽然一些城市因 COVID-19(一种由 SARS-CoV-2 病毒引起的严重疾病,通常是致命的)导致的封锁而使空气质量略有改善,但空气污染的破坏性影响突出表明,需要迅速扩大清洁能源的规模,建立电气化、无障碍的交通系统,并结束对化石燃料的依赖。

"当政府选择煤炭、石油和天然气而不是清洁能源时,付出代价的是我们的健康。燃烧化石燃料造成的空气污染增加了我们死于癌症或中风、哮喘发作以及严重COVID-19的可能性。绿色和平组织印度分部气候活动家阿维纳什-昌查尔(Avinash Chanchal)说:"当解决空气污染问题的方法已经广泛存在并且价格合理时,我们不能再继续呼吸肮脏的空气了。

据估计,2020 年德里将有 54,000 人因 PM2.5 空气污染而死亡,即每 500 人中就有一人死亡。据估计,2020 年雅加达将有 13,000 人因 PM2.5 空气污染而死亡,与空气污染相关的损失达 34 亿美元,相当于该市国内生产总值(GDP)总额的 8.2%。

2020 年,PM2.5 空气污染对 14 个城市造成的经济损失估计超过 50 亿美元。在纳入分析的城市中,空气污染造成的总经济损失高最高的城市是东京,2020年东京因PM2.5空气污染造成约4万人死亡,经济损失430亿美元。在估算的所有城市中,洛杉矶因 PM2.5 空气污染造成的人均经济损失为 高,每位居民约为 2700 美元。

世界五大城市空气污染影响估算(2020 年)

城市名称 人口 估计死亡人数 估计成本(美元)
德里 3,000 万 54,000 81 亿美元
墨西哥城 2,200 万 15,000 80 亿美元
圣保罗 2,200 万 15,000 70 亿
Shanghai 26 million 39,000 19 billion
东京 3,700 万 40,000 430 亿美元

绿色和平组织敦促各级政府投资可再生能源,如风能和太阳能,以及由清洁能源驱动的无障碍公共交通,以保护居民免受致命的空气污染。

"呼吸不应该是致命的。仅在五个最大的城市中,糟糕的空气质量就夺走了约 16 万人的生命,这一事实应该引起我们的警惕,尤其是在许多城市因经济活动减少而空气污染水平降低的这一年。IQAir首席执行官弗兰克-哈姆斯(Frank Hammes)说:"政府、企业和个人必须采取更多措施消除空气污染源,让我们的城市成为更适合居住的地方。

"在世界上的 至 部分地区,即使不考虑空气污染和气候变化的成本,现在建设清洁能源基础设施的成本也要低于继续投资污染严重的化石燃料。当各国政府希望从 COVID 的经济影响中恢复过来时,他们必须创造绿色就业机会,建设无障碍的清洁能源公共交通系统,投资风能和太阳能等可再生能源。印尼绿色和平组织活动家邦丹-安德里亚努(Bondan Andriyanu)说:"我们要求一个更好的正常环境,这不仅是为了我们的空气,也是为了应对气候变化导致的洪水、热浪和风暴加剧。

文章资源

[1] PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Exposure to PM2.5 is considered the most important environmental risk factor for deaths globally, and was attributed to 4.2 million premature deaths in 2015.

[2] The Cost Estimator is based on a methodology developed by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. It uses real-time air quality data from IQAir, combined with scientific risk models, as well as population and health data, to track the health and economic impact of air pollution in real time. The Cost Estimator applies an algorithm to ground-level air quality data to calculate an estimated cost of air pollution from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in cities around the world. Mortality and cost estimates are based on the total impact attributable to PM2.5 over a full year, where all such data are available. Year-to-date figures presented in the online tool are calculated by apportioning the annual costs accumulated over the preceding 365 days according to recorded pollutant levels during the year to date. Many air pollutants affect our health, but only PM2.5 pollution has been included, consequently the calculated numbers are likely to be an underestimation of the total cost of air pollution. 

The counter builds on the methodology described in the 2020 “Toxic Air: The Price of Fossil Fuels” report by Greenpeace Southeast Asia and Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), which compiled the latest scientific results on exposure-response relationships between air pollution and health outcomes, as well as the economic costs of health conditions that were linked to air pollution in scientific literature. 

The full methodology is available here.

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